Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

Journal Of Modern Research Physics

Investigating optical pumping in alkali atoms with the approach of Liouville equations

Hossein Davoodi Yeganeh

Published Sep 1, 2022• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Optical pumping is a process used in physics and quantum mechanics to manipulate the energy levels of atoms or ions using light.It involves the absorption and emission of photons by atoms, which can change their electronic configurations and energy states.In this paper, optical pumping with Liouville equation approach is used to investigate optical pumping in alkali atoms.For this purpose, circularly polarized light is applied to the atomic system, which causes a transition between atomic sublevels and changes the population of sublevels.Also effect of relaxation and repopulation are considered in the evolution of the population sublevels.Here, we use optical pumping with Liouville equation approach for investigation of population evolution in Cesium atom.

DOI
10.61882/jmrph.7.1.18

Related papers

Investigation of Optical Pumping in Cesium Atoms with a Radio-Frequency Field, Using Liouville Equation

Hossein Davoodi Yeganeh, Zahra Shaterzadeh‐Yazdi

Optical pumping is a technique for engineering atomic-sublevel population of desired atoms. We investigate the population evolution of Cesium atoms by employing Liouville equation. For this purpose, we apply a circularly polarized light at a frequency suitable for electronic transition from ground states to excited states and calculate the relaxation rate, repopulation, and population evolution of the Cesium Zeeman sublevels. For engineering the sublevel population after optical pumping, we employ a radiofrequency (RF) field and consider the effect of RF field in Liouville equation. With this approach, we are able to prepare desired distribution of the population in the atomic sublevels with high efficiency, which can be employed in different optical experiments.

arXiv:2304.00301•Apr 1, 2023•0 citations

Investigation of optical pumping in cesium atoms with circularly polarized light and radio-frequency field: a theoretical approach

Hossein Davoodi Yeganeh, Zahra Shaterzadeh‐Yazdi

Cs) atoms by applying circularly polarized light at an optimal frequency for electronic transitions from ground to excited states. To enhance control over sublevel populations following optical pumping, we incorporate a radiofrequency (RF) field. This integrated approach enables us to achieve a tailored distribution of atomic sublevel populations with high efficiency. Utilizing the Lindblad master equation, we provide a comprehensive framework for analyzing these dynamics, examining relaxation rates, repopulation processes, and the evolution of cesium Zeeman sublevels. Our findings underscore the effectiveness of the Lindblad master equation in accounting for external field effects and environmental interactions, significantly improving the accuracy and generalizability of optical pumping models. This method holds substantial promise for various applications in optical experiments, including magnetometry and quantum computing, paving the way for future advancements in these fields.

Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics•Jan 1, 2025•0 citations

The time evolution for the populations of laser-pumped cesium atom Zeeman sublevels

Qingtao Wang, Chong Kang, Yang Zhang +3 more

This paper reports an analytical calculation of the populations of the Zeeman sublevels of the cesium atom. We use a circularly polarized laser beam to pump the Cs-cell in the geomagnetic field. Using the approximate form of the optical Bloch equations, we obtain the time evolution functions of the populations of the Zeeman sublevels S1/2(F=4, mF=-4) and P1/2(F=4, mF=-3). The case of the laser detuning of δ=0, by increasing the pumping light intensity, we could enhance populations non-uniform distribution degree of the ground states and improve the pumping efficiency of the cesium atom. It is significant to enhance sensitivity and accuracy of the optically pumped magnetometer.

Academic Symposium on Optoelectronics and Microelectronics Technology and Chinese-Russian Symposium on Laser Physics and Laser TechnologyOptoelectronics Technology•Jul 1, 2010•2 citations

Relaxation Mechanisms in Optical Pumping

F. A. Franz

The distribution of population in the ground-state sublevels of an optically pumped alkali-metal vapor has been found to be strongly dependent on the mechanism assumed responsible for relaxation. Two modes of optical pumping zero mixing and complete mixing in the excited state, and three modes of alkali relaxation, uniform, Zeeman, and electron randomization, are considered. Calculations of the sublevel relative populations are made in terms of experimentally measurable parameters for all six combinations of pumping and relaxation modes. Optical-pumping transient signals are then used to demonstrate that alkali relaxation due to wall collisions is of the low-frequency "Zeeman" variety, while relaxation due to alkali-rare-gas collisions takes place through randomization of the spin of the alkali valence electron. Equations for the rate of change of the electronic spin polarization are derived for all cases, and are found to be nonexponential, in contrast with the case of an alkali of zero nuclear spin.

Physical Review•Jan 7, 1966•30 citations

Atomic Orientation by Optical Pumping

W. Franzen, A. G. Emslie

A variation of the usual method of atomic orientation of alkali metal vapors by optical pumping is proposed. This variation consists of employing a single circularly polarized ${D}_{1}$ line as pumping radiation, instead of a mixture of the two $D$ lines. Under these conditions, one magnetic substate of the ground state is transparent to the pumping radiation. It is shown that for a sufficiently intense light source and relatively weak relaxation, the entire population of the vapor will tend to be pumped into this single state, resulting in nearly one-hundred percent atomic orientation. The pumping process is analyzed in detail for sodium vapor illuminated with $3{P}_{\frac{1}{2}}\ensuremath{-}3{S}_{\frac{1}{2}}$ radiation, and the time dependence of the populations of the eight magnetic sublevels of the ground state is computed. It is shown that in the steady state, the light absorption by the vapor is linear rather than exponential with distance. A simple method of measuring relaxation times based on this observation is suggested. The conditions under which the imprisonment of resonance radiation limits the size of the oriented sample are discussed, and it is suggested that the proposed technique will allow the alignment of larger samples than is possible by the usual method of optical pumping.

Physical Review•Dec 15, 1957•88 citations

Atomic coherence changes caused by optical pumping applied to electromagnetically induced absorption

Han Seb Moon, S K Kim, K Kim +2 more

We have investigated atomic coherence changes caused by optical pumping applied to electromagnetically induced absorption (EIA) occurring at the open system, which consists of the transition between the F g = 2 ground state and the F e = 3 excited state in the 85 Rb D1-line. For optical pumping, another laser resonantly tuned to the transition between the F g = 3 ground state and the F e = 2 excited state was used. We found that the atomic coherence for EIA can be changed not by increasing the pumping rate but by pumping differently populations into the Zeeman sublevels in the F g = 2 ground state, which is realized by changing the polarization of the pumping laser. The experimental results were able to be analysed by density matrix equations in the simple model system.

Journal of Physics B Atomic Molecular and Optical Physics•Aug 26, 2003•10 citations
Optical pumping is a process used in physics and quantum mechanics to manipulate the energy levels of atoms or ions using light.It involves the absorption and emission of photons by atoms, which can change their electronic configurations and energy states.In this paper, optical pumping with Liouville equation approach is used to investigate optical pumping in alkali atoms.For this purpose, circularly polarized light is applied to the atomic system, which causes a transition between atomic sublevels and changes the population of sublevels.Also effect of relaxation and repopulation are considered in the evolution of the population sublevels.Here, we use optical pumping with Liouville equation approach for investigation of population evolution in Cesium atom.
Optical pumping is a technique for engineering atomic-sublevel population of desired atoms. We investigate the population evolution of Cesium atoms by employing Liouville equation. For this purpose, we apply a circularly polarized light at a frequency suitable for electronic transition from ground states to excited states and calculate the relaxation rate, repopulation, and population evolution of the Cesium Zeeman sublevels. For engineering the sublevel population after optical pumping, we employ a radiofrequency (RF) field and consider the effect of RF field in Liouville equation. With this approach, we are able to prepare desired distribution of the population in the atomic sublevels with high efficiency, which can be employed in different optical experiments.
Cs) atoms by applying circularly polarized light at an optimal frequency for electronic transitions from ground to excited states. To enhance control over sublevel populations following optical pumping, we incorporate a radiofrequency (RF) field. This integrated approach enables us to achieve a tailored distribution of atomic sublevel populations with high efficiency. Utilizing the Lindblad master equation, we provide a comprehensive framework for analyzing these dynamics, examining relaxation rates, repopulation processes, and the evolution of cesium Zeeman sublevels. Our findings underscore the effectiveness of the Lindblad master equation in accounting for external field effects and environmental interactions, significantly improving the accuracy and generalizability of optical pumping models. This method holds substantial promise for various applications in optical experiments, including magnetometry and quantum computing, paving the way for future advancements in these fields.
This paper reports an analytical calculation of the populations of the Zeeman sublevels of the cesium atom. We use a circularly polarized laser beam to pump the Cs-cell in the geomagnetic field. Using the approximate form of the optical Bloch equations, we obtain the time evolution functions of the populations of the Zeeman sublevels S1/2(F=4, mF=-4) and P1/2(F=4, mF=-3). The case of the laser detuning of δ=0, by increasing the pumping light intensity, we could enhance populations non-uniform distribution degree of the ground states and improve the pumping efficiency of the cesium atom. It is significant to enhance sensitivity and accuracy of the optically pumped magnetometer.
The distribution of population in the ground-state sublevels of an optically pumped alkali-metal vapor has been found to be strongly dependent on the mechanism assumed responsible for relaxation. Two modes of optical pumping zero mixing and complete mixing in the excited state, and three modes of alkali relaxation, uniform, Zeeman, and electron randomization, are considered. Calculations of the sublevel relative populations are made in terms of experimentally measurable parameters for all six combinations of pumping and relaxation modes. Optical-pumping transient signals are then used to demonstrate that alkali relaxation due to wall collisions is of the low-frequency "Zeeman" variety, while relaxation due to alkali-rare-gas collisions takes place through randomization of the spin of the alkali valence electron. Equations for the rate of change of the electronic spin polarization are derived for all cases, and are found to be nonexponential, in contrast with the case of an alkali of zero nuclear spin.
A variation of the usual method of atomic orientation of alkali metal vapors by optical pumping is proposed. This variation consists of employing a single circularly polarized D1{D}_{1}D1​ line as pumping radiation, instead of a mixture of the two DDD lines. Under these conditions, one magnetic substate of the ground state is transparent to the pumping radiation. It is shown that for a sufficiently intense light source and relatively weak relaxation, the entire population of the vapor will tend to be pumped into this single state, resulting in nearly one-hundred percent atomic orientation. The pumping process is analyzed in detail for sodium vapor illuminated with $3{P}_{\frac{1}{2}}\ensuremath{-}3{S}_{\frac{1}{2}}$ radiation, and the time dependence of the populations of the eight magnetic sublevels of the ground state is computed. It is shown that in the steady state, the light absorption by the vapor is linear rather than exponential with distance. A simple method of measuring relaxation times based on this observation is suggested. The conditions under which the imprisonment of resonance radiation limits the size of the oriented sample are discussed, and it is suggested that the proposed technique will allow the alignment of larger samples than is possible by the usual method of optical pumping.
We have investigated atomic coherence changes caused by optical pumping applied to electromagnetically induced absorption (EIA) occurring at the open system, which consists of the transition between the F g = 2 ground state and the F e = 3 excited state in the 85 Rb D1-line. For optical pumping, another laser resonantly tuned to the transition between the F g = 3 ground state and the F e = 2 excited state was used. We found that the atomic coherence for EIA can be changed not by increasing the pumping rate but by pumping differently populations into the Zeeman sublevels in the F g = 2 ground state, which is realized by changing the polarization of the pumping laser. The experimental results were able to be analysed by density matrix equations in the simple model system.