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Physical Review A

Improving quantum-battery lifetime by the electromagnetically-induced-transparency effect and bound states

Jin-Tian Zhang, Cheng-Ge Liu, Qing Ai

Published Sep 11, 2025• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Quantum battery (QB) is an application of quantum thermodynamics which uses quantum effects to store and transfer energy, overcoming the limitations of classical batteries and potentially improving the QB's performance. However, due to the interaction with the external environment, it leads to decoherence and thus reduces both the lifetime and the charging efficiency of QB. Here, we propose suppressing the environmental dissipation in the energy-storage process of the QB by exploiting both the electromagnetically-induced-transparency (EIT) effect and bound states. By constructing a hybrid system composed of a four-level atom and a coupled-cavity array, two bound states are formed in the system when the energy of the QB is in the energy band of the cavity array. Environmental dissipation is significantly inhibited due to the bound state and EIT effects, which extends the lifetime of the QB. We show that the charging efficiency of the QB is optimal when the energy of the QB is in resonance with the cavity. In addition, there is an optimal coupling strength between the two adjacent cavities, which helps to improve the performance of the QB. Our research has achieved the realization of long-term energy storage while improving the charging efficiency of QB, which has practical implications for the realization of QB.

DOI
10.1103/rzgc-h78v

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Quantum battery (QB) is an application of quantum thermodynamics which uses quantum effects to store and transfer energy, overcoming the limitations of classical batteries and potentially improving the QB's performance. However, due to the interaction with the external environment, it leads to decoherence and thus reduces both the lifetime and the charging efficiency of QB. Here, we propose suppressing the environmental dissipation in the energy-storage process of the QB by exploiting both the electromagnetically-induced-transparency (EIT) effect and bound states. By constructing a hybrid system composed of a four-level atom and a coupled-cavity array, two bound states are formed in the system when the energy of the QB is in the energy band of the cavity array. Environmental dissipation is significantly inhibited due to the bound state and EIT effects, which extends the lifetime of the QB. We show that the charging efficiency of the QB is optimal when the energy of the QB is in resonance with the cavity. In addition, there is an optimal coupling strength between the two adjacent cavities, which helps to improve the performance of the QB. Our research has achieved the realization of long-term energy storage while improving the charging efficiency of QB, which has practical implications for the realization of QB.
Abstract Quantum batteries (QBs), as emerging quantum devices for energy storage and transfer, have attracted significant attention due to their potential to surpass classical batteries in charging efficiency and energy density. However, interactions between a QB and its environment result in decoherence, which significantly reduces its operational lifespan. In this work, the aging of QBs is proposed to be suppressed by introducing the electromagnetically‐induced transparency (EIT). Specifically, a four‐level atom is modeled as a QB with an effective two‐level system enabled by the EIT, while the photons in the cavity serve as the energy charger. By comparing the energy and extractable work of the QB with and without the EIT effect, it is demonstrated that the QBs incorporating the EIT exhibit enhanced resistance to spontaneous decay as compared to their counterparts without the EIT. It is believed that the findings may provide valuable insights and shed the light on the design principles for mitigating the degradation of the QBs.
The quantum battery (QB) makes use of quantum effects to store and supply energy, which may outperform its classical counterpart. However, there are two challenges in this field. One is that the environment-induced decoherence causes the energy loss and aging of the QB, the other is that the decreasing of the charger-QB coupling strength with increasing their distance makes the charging of the QB become inefficient. Here, we propose a QB scheme to realize a remote charging via coupling the QB and the charger to a rectangular hollow metal waveguide. It is found that an ideal charging is realized as long as two bound states are formed in the energy spectrum of the total system consisting of the QB, the charger, and the electromagnetic environment in the waveguide. Using the constructive role of the decoherence, our QB is immune to the aging. Additionally, without resorting to the direct charger-QB interaction, our scheme works in a way of long-range and wireless-like charging. Effectively overcoming the two challenges, our result supplies an insightful guideline to the practical realization of the QB by reservoir engineering.
Remote charging of a quantum battery (QB) is hindered by radiative leakage of the excitation into the photonic environment that acts as a mediator for energy transfer. We consider a charger-battery model consisting of two two-level systems (TLSs) that are locally coupled to two sites of a one-dimensional coupled cavity array. When their transition frequency lies outside the propagation band, the system forms atom-photon bound states with localized photonic components, and the overlap of these components lifts the degeneracy of the even- and odd-parity bound states, yielding an energy splitting that drives coherent energy transfer from the charger to the QB. In this way, the band gap suppresses resonant emission and the localized bound states mediate remote charging. From the parity-resolved spectrum, we relate the charging time to the energy splitting and the charged ergotropy to the fraction of TLS population on the bound states. Bound states closer to the band edge extend the interaction range of the TLSs but contain a large photonic fraction and are consequently more susceptible to photon loss.
As an energy storing and converting device near atomic size, a quantum battery (QB) promises enhanced charging power and extractable work using quantum resources. However, the ubiquitous decoherence causes its cyclic charging-storing-discharging process to become deactivated, which is called aging of the QB. Here, we propose a mechanism to overcome the aging of a QB. It is found that the decoherence of the QB is suppressed when two Floquet bound states (FBSs) are formed in the quasienergy spectrum of the total system consisting of the QB-charger setup and their respective environments. As long as either the quasienergies of the two FBSs are degenerate or the QB-charger coupling is large in the presence of two FBSs, the QB exposed to the dissipative environments returns to its near-ideal cyclic stage. Our result supplies an insightful guideline to realize the QB in practice using Floquet engineering.
Quantum batteries (QBs), acting as energy storage devices, have potential applications in future quantum science and technology. However, the QBs inevitably losses energy due to their interaction with environment. How to enhance the performance of the QBs in the open-system case remains an important challenge. Here we propose a scheme to realize the driven-dissipative QBs in atom-waveguide-QED systems and demonstrate significant improvements in both the stored energy and extractable work (ergotropy) of the QBs via feedback control. For a single-atom QB, we show that combining the measurement and coherent feedback controls enables nearly perfect stable charging under the weak coherent driving. For the QB array, the measurement-based feedback allows us to control different dynamical phases in the thermodynamic limit: (i) a continuous boundary time-crystal phase, where persistent periodic energy charge-discharge oscillations emerge despite the presence of the dissipation into the waveguide, and (ii) two stationary phases -- one reaches full charge while the other maintains only small energy storage. This work broadens the scope of driven-dissipative QBs and provides practical strategies for enhancing their performance.
Currently, remote energy transfer and immunity to dissipation are hot topics in quantum batteries (QBs). In this work, we propose a protocol to realize energy transfer between two remote atoms (a quantum charger and a quantum battery) each coupled to a separate optical cavity with the cavities connected by a fiber. The cavities and fiber are coupled to their individual baths. After optimizing inter-system couplings to achieve an efficient transfer, we uncover the effect of suppressing dissipation by introducing parity deformation of the cavities fields. We also prove that the charger-battery entanglement is a consumable resource for energy storage: it is initially stored until the charger and battery reach energy balance, and then subsequently consumed to maintain the increase in energy stored in the battery. The present scheme is the first execution of energy transfer to a distant battery assisted by entanglement, which may help better understand quantum thermodynamics and open new possibilities toward harnessing decoherence as a resource to improve the charging performance of QBs.