The Copenhagen interpretation presumes the legitimacy of quantum superpositions, attaches ``the probabilistic nature'' to quantum mechanics, brings observers into axioms of the theory, and claims that quantum mechanics is already a complete theory. Einstein disagreed with this interpretation; he argued against the legitimacy of quantum superpositions, worried about observers in the axioms, and considered quantum mechanics incomplete. Inspired by Einstein, Bell and his followers intended to complete quantum mechanics within the framework of local realism. They derived Bell inequalities, tested them by experiments, and proved Bell's theorem to interpret the experimental results. Regrettably, the experimental results are misinterpreted. This article introduces a new principle, the general principle of measurements, and provides its mathematical proof. Based on this principle, quantum mechanics can be completed within the framework of local realism by using disjunction (``or'') as the logical relation between orthonormal vectors spanning any given Hilbert space while keeping its general definition unchanged. Probabilistic predictions given by the completed theory and the current theory are exactly the same. Furthermore, by eliminating observers from the axioms and precluding inexplicable collapses of wave-functions, the completed theory alleviates much difficulty in understanding quantum mechanics and is intuitively comprehensible. In conclusion, Einstein's local-realist world-view is correct.
The Copenhagen interpretation presumes the legitimacy of quantum superpositions, attaches the probabilistic nature'' to quantum mechanics, brings observers into axioms of the theory, and claims that quantum mechanics is already a complete theory. Einstein disagreed with this interpretation; he argued against the legitimacy of quantum superpositions, worried about observers in the axioms, and considered quantum mechanics incomplete. Inspired by Einstein, Bell and his followers intended to complete quantum mechanics within the framework of local realism. They derived Bell inequalities, tested them by experiments, and proved Bell's theorem to interpret the experimental results. Regrettably, the experimental results are misinterpreted. This article introduces a new principle, the general principle of measurements, and provides its mathematical proof. Based on this principle, quantum mechanics can be completed within the framework of local realism by using disjunction (or'') as the logical relation between orthonormal vectors spanning any given Hilbert space while keeping its general definition unchanged. Probabilistic predictions given by the completed theory and the current theory are exactly the same. Furthermore, by eliminating observers from the axioms and precluding inexplicable collapses of wave-functions, the completed theory alleviates much difficulty in understanding quantum mechanics and is intuitively comprehensible. In conclusion, Einstein's local-realist world-view is correct.
In the Einstein-Bohr debate, Einstein considered quantum mechanics incomplete and disagreed with Born's probabilistic interpretation of wave-functions. Observers in the axioms of the theory also bothered Einstein. Inspired by Einstein, Bell and his followers intended to complete quantum mechanics within the framework of local realism. Regrettably, the deterministic correlation between distant components of a separable system in Einstein's local-realist description of the world is mistaken for non-locality in the world described by Bell's theorem, which interprets the experimental results of testing Bell inequalities incorrectly. This article introduces a new principle, the general principle of measurements, which is proved as a mathematical theorem, allowing quantum mechanics to be completed within the framework of local realism while keeping the definition of a general Hilbert space unchanged. Using disjunction (``or'') as the logical relation between superposed orthonormal vectors, the completed quantum theory provides the same probabilistic predictions of empirical results as those provided by the current version of the theory, precludes inexplicable collapses of wave-functions, eliminates observers from the axioms of quantum mechanics, and is intuitively comprehensible, thus alleviating much difficulty experienced by many people in understanding the theory in its present form. Among various world views, Einstein's local-realist world view is correct.
In the Einstein-Bohr debate, Einstein considered quantum mechanics incomplete and disagreed with Born’s probabilistic interpretation of wave-functions. Observers in the axioms of quantum mechanics also bothered Einstein. Inspired by Einstein, Bell and his followers intended to complete quantum mechanics within the framework of local realism. Regrettably, the deterministic correlation between distant components of a separable system in Einstein’s local-realist description of the world is mistaken for non-locality in the world described by Bell’s theorem, leading to incorrect interpretations of experimental results obtained by testing Bell inequalities. This article introduces a new principle, the general principle of measurements, which is proved as a mathematical theorem and allows quantum mechanics to be completed within the framework of local realism while keeping the formal axiomatic definition of a general Hilbert space unchanged. The completed theory can provide the same probabilistic predictions of empirical results as those provided by the current theory. Using disjunction (“or”) as the logical relation between superposed orthonormal vectors, the completed theory precludes observers in the axioms of the current theory and inexplicable collapses of wave-functions, thus it is intuitively comprehensible and alleviates much difficulty in understanding quantum mechanics. Among various world views, Einstein’s local-realist world view is correct.
As we all know, Einstein disagreed with Born's probabilistic interpretation of wave-functions, which collapse abruptly once measurements are performed on the corresponding systems. In the Einstein-Bohr debate, Einstein considered quantum mechanics incomplete. Inspired by Einstein, Bell and his followers intended to complete quantum mechanics within the framework of local realism. Regrettably, deterministic correlations in Einstein's local-realist description of the world are mistaken for "nonlocal-interactions" (non-locality) in the world described by Bell's theorem, which leads to the questionable interpretation of the experimental results obtained by testing Bell inequalities. This article introduces a new principle, the general principle of measurements, which is proved as a mathematical theorem and allows quantum mechanics to be completed within the framework of local realism while keeping the axiomatic definition of a general Hilbert space essentially unchanged. Using disjunction ("or") as the logical relation between orthonormal vectors spanning a given Hilbert space, the completed quantum theory precludes inexplicable collapses of wave-functions and is intuitively comprehensible, thus alleviating much difficulty in understanding quantum mechanics. Among various world views, Einstein's local-realist world view is correct.
As we all know, Einstein disagreed with Born's probabilistic interpretation of wave-functions, which collapse abruptly once measurements are performed on the corresponding systems. In the Einstein-Bohr debate, Einstein considered quantum mechanics incomplete. Inspired by Einstein, Bell and his followers intended to complete quantum mechanics within the framework of local realism. Regrettably, deterministic correlations in Einstein's local-realist description of the world are mistaken for "nonlocal-interactions" (non-locality) in the world described by Bell's theorem, which leads to the questionable interpretation of the experimental results obtained by testing Bell inequalities. This article introduces a new principle, the general principle of measurements, which is proved as a mathematical theorem and allows quantum mechanics to be completed within the framework of local realism while keeping the axiomatic definition of a general Hilbert space essentially unchanged. Using disjunction ("or") as the logical relation between orthonormal vectors spanning a given Hilbert space, the completed quantum theory precludes inexplicable collapses of wave-functions and is intuitively comprehensible, thus alleviating much difficulty in understanding quantum mechanics. Among various world views, Einstein's local-realist world view is correct.
In the Einstein-Bohr debate, Einstein considered quantum mechanics incomplete and disagreed with Born's probabilistic interpretation of wave-functions, which collapse abruptly once measurements are performed on the corresponding microscopic objects. Inspired by Einstein, Bell and his followers intended to complete quantum mechanics within the framework of local realism. Regrettably, the deterministic correlation between distant components of a separable system in Einstein's local-realist description of the world is mistaken for the so-called non-locality or "nonlocal-interaction" in the world described by Bell's theorem, which leads to the questionable interpretation of the experimental results obtained by testing Bell inequalities. This article introduces a new principle, the general principle of measurements, which is proved as a mathematical theorem and allows quantum mechanics to be completed within the framework of local realism while keeping the formal axiomatic definition of a general Hilbert space essentially unchanged. Using disjunction ("or") as the logical relation between orthonormal vectors spanning a given Hilbert space, the completed quantum theory precludes inexplicable collapses of wave-functions and is intuitively comprehensible, thus alleviating much difficulty in understanding quantum mechanics. Among various world views, Einstein's local-realist world view is correct.
Bell’s inequality is derived by resorting to a hidden-variable theory devised for resolving the Einstein-Bohr debate on the conceptual foundations of quantum mechanics. The legitimacy of quantum superposition for describing the physical world is the essence of the debate. Einstein argued against the legitimacy of quantum superposition. Testing Bell’s inequality by experiments with the experimental results explained by Bell’s theorem opened the door to so-called quantum information technologies. In quantum information theory, “quantum bit” (or “qubit” for short) in a form of quantum superposition is supposed to represent quantum information. In the present paper, a new principle, the general principle of measurements, is introduced and proved as a mathematical theorem. Based on this principle, the experiments for testing Bell’s inequality and so-called experimental evidence for physically realizable “qubit” are scrutinized. The findings are as follows. Although most physicists believe that Einstein’s vision of the physical world contradicts the experimental results of testing Bell’s inequality, actually Einstein’s viewpoint is irrelevant to Bell’s theorem. Bell’s inequality failed to capture the essence of the Einstein-Bohr debate. The experimental results of testing Bell’s inequality and the measurement outcomes of various experiments involving “qubit” are all erroneously explained. Without involving hidden variables, quantum mechanics can be completed based on the general principle of measurements by using disjunction (“or”) as the logical relation between the orthonormal vectors that span an arbitrarily given Hilbert space, and the mathematical setting can remain essentially unchanged. All kinds of “qubit” violate the general principle of measurements and can only describe imaginary objects that do not exist in the real world. A very regrettable conclusion from the above findings is inevitable: Quantum information has no physical carriers, and all quantum information technologies are not physically realizable.