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Phase Sensitive Detection via Fully Microwave Energy Loop Scheme

Jan Nowosielski, Wojciech Wasilewski, Mateusz Mazelanik, Michal P. Parniak

Published Jan 1, 2025• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We present a phase-sensitive local oscillator-free detection scheme utilizing the microwave loop scheme using warm Rydberg atoms. We compare its behaviour with the heterodyne detection in the same setup and discuss its limitations.
DOI
10.1364/cleo_at.2025.jps200_110

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•Jan 1, 2025•1 citation
The detection of microwave (MW) fields with room-temperature Rydberg atomic vapors is a novel technique of optical sensing, introducing a range of merits typically not possible to achieve with conventional antennas [1]. Firstly, the atomic response to MW fields is dependent on a given transition dipole moment between Rydberg energy levels - as this value can be precisely derived from the theory of alkali atoms, e.g. rubidium, Rydberg sensors are intrinsically calibrated and there is no dependency on particular device. Secondly, the detector does not contain any metal parts (apart from trace amount of rubidium), introducing very little distortion to the measured field, so the detection is stealthy, and the detector is practically invulnerable even to strong fields. Typically, however, the best state-of-the-art performance is achieved with an additional local oscillator MW field [2], emitted from the antenna, in which case the scheme is no longer all-optical and some advantages are lost.
One of the advantages of Rydberg atom-based detection of microwave and THz fields is weak distortion of the measured field, allowing for precise and stealthy detection. However, recent developments focused on using Rydberg atoms as a RF mixer with a local oscillator field in a superheterodyne-type detection that is no longer all-optical, as the local oscillator antenna has to be a part of the detector. Here we undertake the task of developing an all-optical detection, where the phase reference is provided not in local oscillator, but instead in the polarization of atoms. To realize this feature, we access the 13.9 GHz Rydberg transition in rubidium with two separate optical excitation paths and measure the beating of probe field. We report an overall detection sensitivity of 176 nV/cm/ √Hz and reliable operation up to 3.5 mV/cm of RF field, results that are parallel to superheterodyne detection method demonstrated in the same setup. The results of this work are largely based on an earlier conducted study, published as a preprint.1 The present manuscript is meant to serve as an appendix to this work, focusing on putting this research in the context of all-optical detection schemes.