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Parallel Beam Splitting Enabled Multiphoton Entanglement Generation and Fusion Via a Gradient Metasurface

Ying Gu, Qi Liu, Xuan Liu, Yu Tian, Zhaohua Tian, Guixin Li, Xi‐Feng Ren, Qihuang Gong

Published Jan 1, 2025• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We reveal the parallel beam splitting (BS) mechanism in gradient metasurfaces, modeled as linking beamsplitters. The parallel BS provides multi-beam interference capability, then multiphoton entangled states preparation and entanglement fusion are realized with single metasurface.
DOI
10.1364/cleo_at.2025.jps200_53

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Gradient metasurface, formed by a set of subwavelength unit cells with different phase modulation, is widely used in polarized beam splitting (BS) in the classical and quantum optics. Specifically, its phase gradient allows the path and polarization of multiple output lights to be locked by corresponding inputs.Using this unique path-polarization locked property, we demonstrate that the single metasurface can function as sequentially linked beamsplitters, enabling the parallelization of a series of BS processes. Such a parallel BS metasurface provides a multi-beam interference capability for both classical and quantum light manipulation. Taking this advantage, we first prepare path and polarization hybrid entangled states of two, three, and multi photons from unentangled photon sources. Then, the ability of parallel BS-facilitated entanglement is applied to demonstrate entanglement fusion among entangled photon pairs, which can greatly enlarge the entanglement dimension. The principle of parallel BS through the metasurface opens up a versatile way to manipulate the quantum state at the micro/nano scale, which will have potential applications in on-chip quantum optics and quantum information processing.
Multiphoton entanglement with high information capacity plays an essential role in quantum information processing. The appearance of parallel beam splitting (BS) in a gradient metasurface provides the chance to prepare the multiphoton entanglement in one step. Here, we use a single metasurface to construct multiphoton path-polarization entanglement. Based on the parallel BS property, entanglement among N unentangled photons is created after they pass through a gradient metasurface. Also, with this ability, entanglement fusion among several pairs of entangled photons is set up, which can greatly enlarge the entanglement dimension. These theoretical results pave the way for manipulating metasurface-based multiphoton entanglement, which holds great promise for ultracompact on-chip quantum information processing.
Local gradient metasurfaces have realized multiple beam splitting (BS) functions, enabling various applications in on-chip quantum information. However, nonlocal metasurface BS with the utilization of wavelength and momentum selectivity remains unexplored. Here, we demonstrate the framework of a multi-degree-of-freedom multiport BS on a single nonlocal phase gradient metasurface. The BS, constructed by its momentum-polarization mode subspaces, is co-modulated by wavelengths, polarization, and angles of incident light. With the unique capability of multimode interference, this multiport BS can facilitate quantum state engineering, especially multimode high-dimensional quantum entanglement. Then, four-mode high-photon NOON states, manifested as polarization-path-locked properties, are prepared with high success probability and fidelity. For example, four-photon and eight-photon NOON states are obtained with success probabilities of 33.7% and 12.5%, respectively. The efficient generation of multimode high-photon NOON states on a single metasurface improves the precision of on-chip quantum measurement and significantly enhances the integration of quantum information platforms.
Beamsplitters represent fundamental components in both classical and quantum optical systems, enabling the distribution of light, as well as the generation of interference, superposition and entanglement. However, optical networks constructed from conventional bulk 2x2-beamsplitters encounter inherent scalability issues, as the number of required beamsplitters scales quadratically with the number of optical modes for a fully connected network. Metasurfaces offer a promising route to overcome these constraints. By manipulating light at the wavelength scale compact optical components with advanced functionalities can be constructed, which address several modes simultaneously. In this work, we design and experimentally utilize a metasurface as a multiport beamsplitter. Furthermore, we realize a multimode interferometer composed of two cascaded metasurfaces. We characterize the individual and cascaded metasurfaces using classical light, showing controllable splitting ratios through tunable phase relations. We then expand the approach to quantum light, employing single photons to demonstrate second- and third-order photon correlations, as well as single photon interference across multiple spatial paths. These results establish metasurface-based multiport beamsplitters as a scalable and reconfigurable platform bridging classical and quantum photonics.
Polarization beam splitting (BS) has been implemented on gradient metasurface with local response for entanglement manipulation and state reconstruction. To realize more degrees of light modulation, nonlocal modes, manifested as wavelength and momentum selectivity, should be applied into metasurface BS. Here, we demonstrate that single nonlocal phase gradient metasurface(NPGM) can function as a series of independent near-symmetric multiport BS,constructed by its momentum-polarization mode subspaces.Then, using any of above BS with simultaneous multiphoton interference, high-photon NOON states are prepared with high success probability and fidelity. For example,four-mode four-photon NOON state is obtained with 34.8% success probability and fidelity of 99.9%, greatly higher than those previously reported.With unique capability of multiphoton interference, this multiport BS on single NPGM can be directly used in the on-chip quantum photonics. Also, the efficient generation of high-photon NOON states with above BS has potential applications in quantum precision measurement.