This paper focuses on quantum-resistant cryptographic schemes to enhance the security of smart metering against threats from both quantum and classical computers. In this sense, we consider FrodoKEM and CRYSTALS-Kyber quantum-resistant as asymmetric cryptographic schemes and AES-GCM as a symmetric one. Moreover, we detail the design and implementation of a dedicated cryptographic module customized to ensure quantum-resistant advanced metering infrastructure (QR-AMI). Analysis based on experimental implementation shows the viability of a QR-AMI anchored on dedicated cryptographic modules implemented on a microcontroller (low-power processor) or a system-on-a-chip device.
This paper focuses on quantum-resistant cryptographic schemes to enhance the security of smart metering against threats from both quantum and classical computers. In this sense, we consider FrodoKEM and CRYSTALS-Kyber quantum-resistant as asymmetric cryptographic schemes and AES-GCM as a symmetric one. Moreover, we detail the design and implementation of a dedicated cryptographic module customized to ensure quantum-resistant advanced metering infrastructure (QR-AMI). Analysis based on experimental implementation shows the viability of a QR-AMI anchored on dedicated cryptographic modules implemented on a microcontroller (low-power processor) or a system-on-a-chip device.
The advancements of smart grid embedded Internet of things for monitor, control and collection of energy data from smart meter to data aggregator points. In this aspect two-way smart meter current challenges of data privacy and cyber-security concerns. To overcome these constraints numerous authenticated key agreements schemes considered to enhances performances and security. However, high latency and heavy cryptographic operation entails time and bits overheads. Moreover, quantum computing can break the classical encryption techniques and mathematical barriers of cyber defensive properties. Therefore, proposed quantum key distribution ensemble Paillier cryptosystem for maintains privacy-preserving and securing of smart metering infrastructures. The details security analysis showed proposed protocol can resistance various cyber-attacks with quantum computing threats. Furthermore, performances assessments based on extensive simulation of computation time and bits proposed protocols are leading position from existing schemes. Thus, the novel proposed key distribution enables efficiency, security, and data privacy which is emerging notions for the smart metering infrastructures.
The rapid progress of quantum computing poses significant challenges to traditional cryptographic mechanisms, necessitating the adoption of post-quantum cryptography (PQC) solutions. This paper proposes a Quantum-Enhanced Security for Smart Meters (QESM) system to protect power plant data in smart cities, integrating Kyber for secure key exchange, FALCON (Fast-Fourier Transform over Lattice-based Cryptography) for quantum-resistant digital signatures, and ZKP (Zero-Knowledge Proof) for effective verification without revealing sensitive data to secure power plant data against quantum attacks. To evaluate the security of the proposed system, we analyze its resistance to various quantum threats, including Shor’s algorithm, Grover’s algorithm, quantum key analysis, quantum reversal encryption, quantum amplification, quantum switching, and quantum collision attacks. In the current study, accurate measures were used and the average was approximately 7.065 (bits/byte) for randomness, the average execution time was 6.202 milliseconds, the average memory consumption was approximately 4.343 KB, 6.4 Completeness was equal to 1 and unforgeability was 100%. As for the average throughput, it was approximately 485,605 operations per second. That shows the QESM system provides strong security and efficiency, making it a viable solution for protecting the electricity infrastructure in smart cities in the quantum era.
Quantum computing presents computational powers previously thought unattainable. This brings severe threats to classical cryptographic methods, especially RSA and ECC. This paper addresses these risks through a detailed investigation of quantum-resistant algorithms, focusing on lattice- based (CRYSTALS-Kyber), hash-based (SPHINCS+), and code-based (McEliece) systems. Research questions guiding this study include: How vulnerable are traditional algorithms under quantum attack, and which quantum-resistant alternatives offer viable performance and security trade-offs? Through simulations, we analyzed key metrics like encryption speeds, key sizes, and efficiency under quantum threats. Additionally, we demonstrated vulnerabilities in RSA-2048 and ECC-256 under Shor’s algorithm, emphasizing the necessity for quantum-resistant cryptography. Our results highlighted CRYSTALS-Kyber as a balanced candidate, aligning with the NIST PQC Standardization, while Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) is reviewed for high-sensitivity contexts. Given the forecasted advancements in quantum hardware, we propose a transitional approach using hybrid cryptographic systems to ensure immediate security and ease the shift to quantum-safe protocols. This study also explores industry applications, particularly in finance, healthcare, and IoT, recommending a phased adoption strategy utilizing hybrid cryptographic systems for a secure, gradual transition.
Quantum computing has advanced rapidly, posing a major threat to RSA, ECC, and other standard cryptographic techniques. The related research delves into encryption with advanced technology FrodoKEM a lattice-based quantum resistant algorithm implementation embedded into a Spring Boot framework for secure encryption and decryption. The study compares the three types of encryption systems: conventional (AES-256 and RSA-2048) and quantum-resistant in terms of performance, security and practicability. Setup overview and final compliance summary of both the encryption and decryption functions using the Bouncy Castle PQC library. These findings show that while FrodoKEM offers strong quantum security, signing this proof incurs significant computational overhead, especially with respect to key generation time (1200 ms vs.0063 ms for AES-256). FrodoKEM is much faster than RSA-2048 when it comes to encrypting data, but it is nonetheless slower than AES-256. This study demonstrates the necessity of optimized quantum-sensitive encodings and discusses probable correlations including cloud computing, IoT security, regulatory conformity [15]. FrodoKEM is a strong candidate for future-proof encryption, but optimizations are still necessary before its deployment is practical. The quantum revolution of tomorrow brings with it a whole new set of challenges and the necessity for new solutions, highlighting the continuing role of post-quantum cryptography in our secure online lives
Security measures for both encrypting and decrypting data that are designed to withstand attacks from quantum computers are known as quantum-resistant cryptographic approaches. To answer certain mathematical problems, quantum computers (QCs) can outperform classical computers. Specifically designed to offer this security against quantum threats are cryptographic algorithms that are quantum-resistant. Maintaining efficiency and security for practical use is a significant obstacle to creating quantum-resistant cryptography algorithms. Four Quantum-Resistant Cryptographic Algorithms—CRYSTALS-Kyber, CRYSTALS-Dilithium, FALCON, and SPHINCS+—have been released by NIST. The paper analyses these algorithms with different parameters, performance indicators, and capacity to shed light on their usage and efficacy.
The rapid expansion of Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystems has increased the need for communication mechanisms that can remain secure against emerging computational threats. Conventional asymmetric cryptographic schemes, including RSA and Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC), are vulnerable to advances in quantum computing due to the ability of Shor's algorithm to undermine their underlying mathematical assumptions. To address these challenges, this paper presents PQ-IoT SecureCom, a quantum-resistant communication framework built using NIST-standardized post-quantum cryptographic primitives. The proposed framework employs ML-KEM (derived from Kyber) for secure key encapsulation and ML-DSA (derived from Dilithium) for digital authentication, combined with AESGCM to ensure data confidentiality and integrity. Additional security mechanisms, including PQC-based device certification, periodic session key updates, and nonce-based timestamp validation, are incorporated to mitigate replay and impersonation attacks. The framework also supports a hybrid operational mode that enables performance comparison between classical and postquantum cryptographic schemes. System behavior is monitored using a real-time dashboard that records cryptographic overhead, communication metrics, and detected security events. Experimental evaluation shows that ML-KEM and ML-DSA significantly enhance security while introducing computational overhead that remains acceptable for contemporary IoT devices. Through automated attack simulations and detailed event logging, PQ-IoT SecureCom demonstrates the practical feasibility of deploying scalable post-quantum security in IoT communication systems.