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IEEE Access

A Comprehensive Survey on Pre Versus Post Quantum Security Schemes for 5G-Enabled IoT Applications

Bikramjit Choudhury, Ashlesha Hota, Mithun Karmakar, Sanchita Saha, Amitava Nag, Sukumar Nandi

Published Jan 1, 2025• 13 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The proliferation of 5th generation (5G) technology has catalyzed significant advancements in various application of Internet of Things(IoT) such as Intelligent Transportation Systems, Smart Energy, Industrial IoT (IIoT), Digital Twins, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) and Smart Health. However, with the upcoming advent of quantum computing, conventional security methods are encountering new and significant challenges, requiring the revaluation of pre and post-quantum security measures. This study provides an in-depth analysis of security measures before and after the advent of quantum computing for intelligent IoT applications enabled by 5G-connected network. The survey thoroughly analyzes the strengths and weaknesses of conventional public key cryptography methods such as RSA, Diffie-Hellman, Secret Sharing, and Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC), which are susceptible to quantum risks, and postquantum cryptographic methods such as lattice-based cryptography, code-based cryptography, and multivariate based techniques, which may provide protection against quantum attacks. Furthermore, we evaluate the suitability of these strategies in the context of 5G-enabled IoT deployments, taking into account the distinct requirements and obstacles presented by interconnected IoT devices. Although pre quantum public key cryptographic algorithms are still in use, but active research is going on to design and implement PQC algorithms to secure 5G IoT, while hybrid schemes have shown great promise being backward compatible with traditional cryptographic approaches at the same time bring quantum resistance. The survey offers significant insights into the latest pre and post-quantum security solutions for 5G-enabled IoT Applications. It helps in making educated decisions and implementing strong security measures in preparation for the quantum computing age.

DOI
10.1109/access.2025.3608623

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The proliferation of 5th generation (5G) technology has catalyzed significant advancements in various application of Internet of Things(IoT) such as Intelligent Transportation Systems, Smart Energy, Industrial IoT (IIoT), Digital Twins, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) and Smart Health. However, with the upcoming advent of quantum computing, conventional security methods are encountering new and significant challenges, requiring the revaluation of pre and post-quantum security measures. This study provides an in-depth analysis of security measures before and after the advent of quantum computing for intelligent IoT applications enabled by 5G-connected network. The survey thoroughly analyzes the strengths and weaknesses of conventional public key cryptography methods such as RSA, Diffie-Hellman, Secret Sharing, and Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC), which are susceptible to quantum risks, and postquantum cryptographic methods such as lattice-based cryptography, code-based cryptography, and multivariate based techniques, which may provide protection against quantum attacks. Furthermore, we evaluate the suitability of these strategies in the context of 5G-enabled IoT deployments, taking into account the distinct requirements and obstacles presented by interconnected IoT devices. Although pre quantum public key cryptographic algorithms are still in use, but active research is going on to design and implement PQC algorithms to secure 5G IoT, while hybrid schemes have shown great promise being backward compatible with traditional cryptographic approaches at the same time bring quantum resistance. The survey offers significant insights into the latest pre and post-quantum security solutions for 5G-enabled IoT Applications. It helps in making educated decisions and implementing strong security measures in preparation for the quantum computing age.
Although quantum computing is still in its nascent age, its evolution threatens the most popular public-key encryption systems. Such systems are essential for today's Internet security due to their ability for solving the key distribution problem and for providing high security in insecure communications channels that allow for accessing websites or for exchanging e-mails, financial transactions, digitally signed documents, military communications or medical data. Cryptosystems like Rivest-Shamir-Adleman (RSA), elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) or Diffie-Hellman have spread worldwide and are part of diverse key Internet standards like Transport Layer Security (TLS), which are used both by traditional computers and Internet of Things (IoT) devices. It is especially difficult to provide high security to IoT devices, mainly because many of them rely on batteries and are resource constrained in terms of computational power and memory, which implies that specific energy-efficient and lightweight algorithms need to be designed and implemented for them. These restrictions become relevant challenges when implementing cryptosystems that involve intensive mathematical operations and demand substantial computational resources, which are often required in applications where data privacy has to be preserved for the long term, like IoT applications for defense, mission-critical scenarios or smart healthcare. Quantum computing threatens such a long-term IoT device security and researchers are currently developing solutions to mitigate such a threat. This article provides a survey on what can be called post-quantum IoT systems (IoT systems protected from the currently known quantum computing attacks): the main post-quantum cryptosystems and initiatives are reviewed, the most relevant IoT architectures and challenges are analyzed, and the expected future trends are indicated. Thus, this article is aimed at providing a wide view of post-quantum IoT security and give useful guidelines to the future post-quantum IoT developers.
The Internet of Things (IoT) is involved in almost every industry, paving the way for innovative applications, including smart cities, intelligent systems, smart homes, smart agriculture, healthcare, and more. However, due to their asset value, these applications are under continuous and evolving cyberattacks. Furthermore, the advent of quantum computing presents a severe threat to traditional cryptographic methods that typically secure IoT systems, potentially rendering existing security mechanisms ineffective against quantum-enabled attacks. To tackle quantum-enabled and traditional cyberattacks, post-quantum cryptography (PQC) has emerged as a promising solution for providing future-proof security for IoT devices and networks against the quantum computing threat. PQC algorithms can resist cyberattacks from classical and quantum computers, ensuring long-term security solutions. This article explores the integration of PQC into practical IoT systems. It highlights the vulnerabilities of classical cryptographic methods and the necessity of transitioning to quantum-resistant solutions. Moreover, the implementation of PQC on IoT systems is analyzed. By proactively exploring the opportunities and challenges associated with PQC, this research lays out future directions for implementing robust, scalable, and secure IoT systems.
The growth of quantum computing reveals a series of significant threats to cryptographic systems known today, such as RSA, ECC, and Diffie-Hellman, which are extremely important for Internet security, but are threatened by the increase in possible quantum attacks. The area of public and private key cryptography is vast. Therefore, this article addresses post-quantum cryptography (PQC) algorithms and the challenges of implementing them in Internet of Things (IoT) devices, given the difficulty of application due to restricted resources, such as RAM and clock speed . To this end, we will discuss the need for standardization of algorithms considering low-resource IoT devices, prioritizing RAM over ROM, meeting the needs of low-memory devices, which are lighter. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has validated four cryptographic systems that are secure against quantum attacks. We analyze the implications of these systems on the infrastructure of current networks and will compare in detail these algorithms and their respective strengths, weaknesses, and trade-offs. We evaluate the feasibility of post-quantum encryption (PQC) algorithms in resource-constrained IoT devices using the ESP-WROOM-32 microcontroller. Three cryptographic schemes were implemented and compared.
The rapid proliferation of Internet of Things (IoT) devices has heightened concerns regarding their security and privacy. Conventional cryptographic methods underpinning IoT security are increasingly threatened by the emergence of quantum computing, which promises to break widely used encryption algorithms such as RSA and ECC. This paper explores post-quantum cryptographic (PQC) algorithms tailored to the resource-constrained nature of IoT environments. It analyzes lattice-based, hash-based, code-based, and multivariate polynomial cryptographic schemes as promising candidates for securing IoT communications against quantum attacks. The paper further discusses implementation challenges, performance considerations, and potential pathways for integrating PQC within existing IoT architectures. Empirical data on computational efficiency and security strength are also presented to guide future deployment.
In the current time, the classical cryptographic systems are used worldwide.Cryptography makes the transmission operation secure and it ensure the basic motivation of security such that availability, integrity, confidentially and non-repudiation.The development of quantum computing algorithm such that Shor's algorithm rise the threats towards the classical cryptographic infrastructure particularly in public key infrastructure i.e.RSA and ECC.Also, Grover's algorithm provides the square root time enhancement of searching of keys in the symmetric key cryptography.In this scenario, the fully operation quantum computer will break the classical cryptographic systems, and it is the main reason behind the advancement of post quantum cryptography (PQC).Specially, in the IoT network, the energy constrain end devices have the main issue to implement the strong cryptographic methods to secure the network from quantum attacks.The current available cryptographic methods which are quantum resistance in context of IoT network is thoroughly discussed in the paper.Also, key families of PQC algorithms i.e. lattice-based, code-based, multivariate polynomial based, hash-based, and isogeny-based and the NIST standardization of PQC techniques are investigated.This survey will be work as a bridge between deployment of PQC and existing methods of PQC in context of IoT environment.
The rapid proliferation of Internet of Things (IoT) devices has introduced significant security challenges, particularly with the looming threat posed by quantum computing to classical cryptographic algorithms. This paper explores the integration of quantum-resistant cryptographic techniques to secure IoT ecosystems against future quantum attacks. We analyze the vulnerabilities inherent in traditional cryptographic approaches and discuss the implementation feasibility of post-quantum cryptography (PQC) in resource-constrained IoT devices. The study further highlights key PQC algorithms suitable for IoT and evaluates their performance impact. A comparative analysis graph of classical versus quantum-resistant algorithms in IoT environments is presented. This work aims to provide insights and recommendations for adopting quantum-resistant solutions to future-proof IoT security.