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Chinese Journal of Electronics

Novel Deterministic Secure Semi-Quantum Communication Based on GHZ-State Entanglement Compression Technology

Xiaoxue Zhang, Ri‐Gui Zhou, Wen-Shan Xu

Published Jul 1, 2025• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Semi-quantum communication, serving as transitional technology between quantum communication and classical communication, bridges fully quantum-capable users with “classical” users who have limited quantum capabilities. It provides practical solution for application scenarios that struggle to bear high costs of quantum resources. This paper designs a novel deterministic secure semi-quantum communication protocol that significantly enhances communication efficiency by utilizing Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) states for entanglement compression. The protocol consists of two core components: eavesdropping detection mechanism and transmission process for compressed and encrypted information sequences. During the eavesdropping detection phase, the protocol incorporates decoy photon technology to effectively expose and prevent potential eavesdropping attempts. In the secret information transmission phase, the protocol combines the advantages of a pseudo-random number generator driven by one-way hash function and GHZ-state-based entanglement compression technology to randomly rearrange and compress-encrypt the secret information, ensuring its high security and integrity during transmission. Ultimately, the receiver can accurately decrypt and restore the original secret information using a pre-agreed key. The protocol not only successfully integrates multiple advanced technologies to resist various attacks and ensure the absolute secure transmission of secret information, but also provides strong support for practical applications with its communication efficiency of up to 50% and high practicality.

DOI
10.23919/cje.2024.00.256

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Semi-quantum communication, serving as transitional technology between quantum communication and classical communication, bridges fully quantum-capable users with “classical” users who have limited quantum capabilities. It provides practical solution for application scenarios that struggle to bear high costs of quantum resources. This paper designs a novel deterministic secure semi-quantum communication protocol that significantly enhances communication efficiency by utilizing Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) states for entanglement compression. The protocol consists of two core components: eavesdropping detection mechanism and transmission process for compressed and encrypted information sequences. During the eavesdropping detection phase, the protocol incorporates decoy photon technology to effectively expose and prevent potential eavesdropping attempts. In the secret information transmission phase, the protocol combines the advantages of a pseudo-random number generator driven by one-way hash function and GHZ-state-based entanglement compression technology to randomly rearrange and compress-encrypt the secret information, ensuring its high security and integrity during transmission. Ultimately, the receiver can accurately decrypt and restore the original secret information using a pre-agreed key. The protocol not only successfully integrates multiple advanced technologies to resist various attacks and ensure the absolute secure transmission of secret information, but also provides strong support for practical applications with its communication efficiency of up to 50% and high practicality.
Quantum secret sharing (QSS) is a crucial quantum cryptographic method that provides unconditional secu-rity through the principles of quantum mechanics and enables practical applications in information security and distributed computing. Many QSS protocols have been proposed based on various quantum properties and operations. In this study, we propose a new and efficient multiparty quantum secret sharing protocol that utilizes entanglement swapping with the Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) state and introduces a novel structure to efficiently and securely distribute and recover secrets. Due to entanglement swapping, participants can entangle systems without directly interacting with each other, enhancing practical usage. Through GHZ entanglement swapping, initial particle states cannot be directly inferred. The proposed QSS protocol leverages this property to encode information among participants. To decode the secret, participants only require measuring particles on a GHZ basis to get the corresponding information without performing operations. Through security analysis, it is shown that any eavesdropper or dishonest participant will be detected. Efficiency analysis indicates that the proposed protocol substantially reduces costs and significantly enhances efficiency. As the number of participants increases, the resource consumption of the proposed protocol becomes much lower than that of other QSS protocols. In summary, the proposed protocol efficiently achieves unconditional security in QSS, ensuring the secure transmission and sharing of quantum information.
A controlled deterministic secure quantum communication（CDSQC） protocol is proposed based on threeparticle GHZ state in X-basis.Only X-basis and Z1Z2X3-basis（composed of Z-basis and X-basis） measurement are required,which makes the scheme more convenient than others in practical applications.By distributing a random key between both sides of the communication and performing classical XOR operation,we realize a one-time-pad scheme,therefore our protocol achieves unconditional secure.Because only user with legitimate identity string can decrypt the secret,our protocol can resist man-in-the middle attack.The three-particle GHZ state in X-basis is used as decoy photons to detect eavesdropping.The detection rate reaches 75% per qubit.
Abstract A controlled deterministic secure quantum communication (CDSQC) protocol is proposed based on three-particle GHZ state in X-basis. Only X-basis and Z 1 Z 2 X 3 -basis (composed of Z-basis and X-basis) measurement are required, which makes the scheme more convenient than others in practical applications. By distributing a random key between both sides of the communication and performing classical XOR operation, we realize a one-time-pad scheme, therefore our protocol achieves unconditional secure. Because only user with legitimate identity string can decrypt the secret, our protocol can resist man-in-the middle attack. The three-particle GHZ state in X-basis is used as decoy photons to detect eavesdropping. The detection rate reaches 75% per qubit.
Utilizing a partially entangled GHZ state, we propose a novel controlled quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) with quantum encryption. Under the supervision and help of the third side, the sender and the receiver can securely share the private quantum entanglement keys used to encrypt and decrypt the secret message. According to the results of checking the eavesdropping on decoy photons, communicators can decide whether the quantum keys are reused in the next round. Not only will eavesdropping inevitably disturb the states of the decoy photons and be detected, but arbitrary transmission errors can also be corrected.
Quantum communication provides an enormous advantage over its classical counterpart: security of communications based on the very principles of quantum mechanics. Researchers have proposed several approaches for user identity authentication via entanglement. Unfortunately, these protocols fail because an attacker can capture some of the particles in a transmitted sequence and send what is left to the receiver through a quantum channel. Subsequently, the attacker can restore some of the confidential messages, giving rise to the possibility of information leakage. Here we present a new robust General N user authentication protocol based on N -particle Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger (GHZ) states, which makes eavesdropping detection more effective and secure, as compared to some current authentication protocols. The security analysis of our protocol for various kinds of attacks verifies that it is unconditionally secure, and that an attacker will not obtain any information about the transmitted key. Moreover, as the number of transferred key bits N becomes larger, while the number of users for transmitting the information is increased, the probability of effectively obtaining the transmitted authentication keys is reduced to zero.
Quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) aims to allow two remote parties to communicate directly without creating a private key in advance and then using it to encrypt the secret message. In this paper, a multiparty controlled secure quantum communication of d-dimensional is proposed based on d-dimensional maximally entangled Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) state and teleportation. After using decoy photons to check eavesdropping efficiently for the purpose of the quantum channel security, the sender encodes the secret message of d-dimensional on a sequence of additional particle states and then fulfills teleportation of the secret through d-dimensional Bell state measurement (DBM) and X-basis or Z-basis measurement. The receiver can recover the secret message by combining his measurement result with the senderpsilas and controllerpsilas results. If an eavesdropper Eve cannot escape from the communication parties eavesdropping check, our scheme is completely secure because the transmitting particle sequence does not carry the secret message.