Quantum information processing and information exchange in the world of quantum computing demands novel methods, strategies and techniques based on quantum gates. Due to the facts that quantum computing is becoming more powerful and there are impactful scientific developments that would make quantum computers practical, post-quantum cryptography would require novel methods. In this sense, the paper presents a new approach or tool to be used in ciphering and deciphering information using multi-qubit control gates. This technique would be beneficial in terms of transforming information to another form and rebuilding it through asymmetric methods by the help of previously developed multi-qubit quantum gates. The underlying methodology of the technique is based on unitary transformations which may be divided into two parts: ciphering and deciphering parts. Moreover, controlling target qubits in accordance with the control qubit was also benefited within the methodology. In this sense, multi-qubit control gates, derived from mathematical model of universal control gates, play important role. Post-quantum cryptographic methods and strategies would be improved through this kind of methodologies.
Quantum information processing and information exchange in the world of quantum computing demands novel methods, strategies and techniques based on quantum gates. Due to the facts that quantum computing is becoming more powerful and there are impactful scientific developments that would make quantum computers practical, post-quantum cryptography would require novel methods. In this sense, the paper presents a new approach or tool to be used in ciphering and deciphering information using multi-qubit control gates. This technique would be beneficial in terms of transforming information to another form and rebuilding it through asymmetric methods by the help of previously developed multi-qubit quantum gates. The underlying methodology of the technique is based on unitary transformations which may be divided into two parts: ciphering and deciphering parts. Moreover, controlling target qubits in accordance with the control qubit was also benefited within the methodology. In this sense, multi-qubit control gates, derived from mathematical model of universal control gates, play important role. Post-quantum cryptographic methods and strategies would be improved through this kind of methodologies.
Quantum gates are building blocks of quantum circuits and they are used to carry out corresponding operations on quantum bits or qubits. The distinguishing feature of multi-qubit quantum control-gates is that they act on target qubits according to the state of control qubit(s). In this sense, there exist 2- and 3-qubit quantum gates such as Controlled-NOT, Toffoli (Controlled-Controlled-NOT), Controlled-Hadamard, Controlled-Swap and so on. In order to make complex quantum circuits easier and control more qubits, it is necessary to work out mathematical models of new control gates acting on more than three qubits depending on the state of control qubit. Therefore, in this work, mathematical model of multi-qubit universal control gate is worked out and some control gates are formulated in accordance with the proposed model, moreover the tests of these novel control gates are carried out using online open resource or virtual laboratory that is called “Quirk”. Existing 2- and 3-qubit control gates can also be derived using this model. Matrix representations of Controlled-NOT-NOT, Controlled-Hadamard-Hadamard, Controlled-NOT-NOT-Hadamard, Controlled-Hadamard-Swap and Controlled-Hadamard-SWAP-NOT gates are derived using the proposed mathematical model. These quantum gates are unitary and reversible gates. Using the proposed model and novel quantum gates will help to reduce complexity of quantum circuits and develop new cryptographic algorithms.
Quantum computers are very efficient in terms of speed and security. Decoherence and architectural complexity restrict the control of sensitive quantum information as the number of qubits in a quantum computer increases. Therefore, it is more convenient to make a device with multiple quantum processors with small number of qubits instead of making a device with a large number of qubits quantum processors. The implementation of controlled unitary gates is a problem in such nonlocal systems. The methods in the literature for this problem use entangled qubit pairs, classical communication channels and classical bits. The existing methods perform some unitary operations on the target state for reconstruction after sending information through classical communication channels and applying quantum measurements on control states. In this study, a generalized method for nonlocal implementation of multi-qubit controlled unitary quantum gates with quantum channel is proposed. The proposed method can implement any controlled gate on the control and target qubits that are far from each other in terms of location. The method does not require classical channels and classical bits, any extra unitary operation for reconstruction. The proposed method is both more secure and uses less resources for operations than the other hybrid methods in the literature. Comparisons with existing studies are given in terms of required entangled qubit pairs, classical channels and bits, extra unitary operations for reconstruction the target state, and the advantages of the proposed method are revealed.
In today’s world more and more electronic devices are connected through the channel “internet”. To secure these devices, designers rely on cryptographic standards that provide encryption, authentication and data-integrity. However, future advances in quantum computing threaten the security of these standards as they are predicted to break the underlying hard mathematical problems. It is therefore of the utmost importance to find new standards that are safe against quantum computers. The design and analysis of such quantum-safe algorithms is studied in the field of many post-quantum encryption schemes are subject to decryption failures. This means that even after a proper execution of the algorithm, there is a (very small) chance that the message or key is not transmitted correctly. It simply led like that decryption failures lead to a new attack vector in which failing cipher texts are assembled and used to reconstruct the secret key. To secure the connected devices and data the method of Post Quantum Cryptography will plays a vital role. Post Quantum Cryptography improves the security proof bound on decryption failure attacks.
Cryptology and information security are set to play a more prominent role in the near future. In this regard, quantum communication and cryptography offer new opportunities to tackle ICT security. Quantum Information Processing and Communication (QIPC) is a scientific field where new conceptual foundations and techniques are being developed. They promise to play an important role in the future of information Security. It is therefore essential to have a cross-fertilizing development between quantum technology and cryptology in order to address the security challenges of the emerging quantum era. In this article, we discuss the impact of quantum technology on the current as well as future crypto-techniques. We then analyse the assumptions on which quantum computers may operate. Then we present our vision for the distribution of security attributes using a novel form of trust based on Heisenberg's uncertainty; and, building highly secure quantum networks based on the clear transmission of single photons and/or bundles of photons able to withstand unauthorized reading as a result of secure protocols based on the observations of quantum mechanics. We argue how quantum cryptographic systems need to be developed that can take advantage of the laws of physics to provide long-term security based on solid assumptions. This requires a structured integration effort to deploy quantum technologies within the existing security infrastructure. Finally, we conclude that classical cryptographic techniques need to be redesigned and upgraded in view of the growing threat of cryptanalytic attacks posed by quantum information processing devices leading to the development of post-quantum cryptography.
Abstract It is viewed as revolutionary technology, offering incredible potential in terms of computing power within different scientific and industrial sectors. Quantum computers provide remarkable computing power; however, they also present significant security risks to existing public-key cryptography systems used to secure digital communication, online banking systems, government, medical applications, cloud computing systems, and IoT systems. Security of commonly used encryption schemes like RSA, DH, and ECC depends on mathematical problems that are impossible for classical computers to solve but can be easily resolved with the help of powerful enough quantum computers by using Shor’s algorithm. Furthermore, Grover’s algorithm makes exhaustive search attacks much faster, thus effectively lowering the security level of symmetric encryption schemes since it provides the speed-up for brute-force attacks. Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) turned out to be an effective and scalable method to protect digital data from attacks using quantum computing. In contrast to quantum cryptography, which requires a special quantum communication channel, PQC uses classical cryptographic algorithms that cannot be broken down by either classical or quantum computer due to certain mathematical problems. This research paper offers an extensive exploration of post-quantum cryptography through the analysis of the development of quantum computing, weaknesses of current cryptographic techniques, and mathematics behind quantum-resistant algorithms. Moreover, this paper explores the major classes of PQC techniques such as lattice-based, code-based, hash-based, multivariate, and isogeny-based cryptography and provides details about their security and application. Moreover, the report gives an overview of the NIST Post-Quantum Cryptography Standardization Project and analyzes recent standardizations of quantum-proof algorithms to be utilized in future digital infrastructures. Keywords: Post-Quantum Encryption, Quantum Security, Quantum-Proof Public-Key Cryptography, Lattice-Based Security Protocols, ML-KEM Key Encapsulation Mechanism, ML-DSA Digital Signature Algorithm, NIST Post-Quantum Cryptography, Contemporary Cybersecurity, Secure Communications, Cryptographic Algorithms.
Wireless communication is becoming a prevalent technology for information transfer, and there has been a rise in the issue of security. Unauthorized access, eavesdropping and such attacks can be prevented using cryptographic techniques. Cryptography can broadly be divided into two based on the principles used: Quantum and classical cryptography. While classical cryptography is a well-researched field of study, quantum cryptography has sparked interest due to its better security and higher efficiency, as demonstrated by Shor's Algorithm. These cryptography algorithms can be implemented using quantum gates. A quantum gate operates on a set of qubits. A quantum gate performs the same function for a quantum computer as a classical logic gate does for a classical computer. This chapter focuses on the basic quantum gates and their applications in quantum cryptography. The proposed chapter provides the working principle of Single, two and three Qubits gates in IBM Quantum lab and their Cryptography applications.