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IEEE International Mediterranean Conference on Communications and Networking (MeditCom)

Connecting Polar Codes and 6G Short Range Wireless Quantum Optical Communications

Kushtrim Dini, Peter Jung, Hamza Almujahed

Published Jul 7, 2025• 4 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Recent research has clarified that radio applications above 300 GHz require a laborious analog design that takes into account the frequency-dependent nature of ohmic resistance at these frequencies, bringing optical communication solutions, well suited for short range links in the sixth generation (6G) THz band located between 300 GHz and 10 THz, into focus. In particular, wireless quantum optical communication concepts are attractive, replacing the classical radio frequency based inner physical layer transceivers used in channel coded short range wireless communication systems. In particular, due to low environmental interaction of short range links, the prevailing coherence and interference ability when knowing and maintaining the carrier phase permits a beneficially robust wireless quantum optical transmission. In this manuscript, the viability of connecting the 5G/New Radio polar code and the proposed wireless quantum optical communication concept, which uses the optimum soft output quantum data detector for coherent reception with known carrier phase, is demonstrated by means of performance results.

DOI
10.1109/meditcom64437.2025.11104458

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While the commercial deployment of 5G networks and beyond is a reality, the first work for the definition and study of 6G networks has started. The scientific community agrees that these networks will be characterised by a very high spatial density of access points, heterogeneity of access technologies, an increased number of users per access point, and demand for ubiquitous connectivity that must combine ultra-low latency, very high bandwidth, and high energy efficiency [1, 2]. Among the emerging challenges, holographic communications, high-precision manufacturing, the ubiquitous introduction of intelligence, and the incorporation of new technologies based on sub-terahertz (THz) or Visible Light Communications (VLC) are real issues. These are taking place in a truly three-dimensional coverage framework, integrating terrestrial and aerial radio to meet the needs with cloud-based capabilities where and when needed (on-demand). 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They involve three elements in the system: a person as a physical carrier; an intelligent device with which the person interacts; collects data and executes commands from an application running on the person's device [4]. The 6G radio networks will provide the means of communication and data gathering necessary to accumulate information. Still, a system's approach will be required for the 6G technology market as a whole involving data analytics, artificial intelligence (AI), and next-generation computation capabilities via HPC and quantum computing [3, 5]. This tremendous amount of data may be harnessed, with strong processing and learning capabilities, to manage the network at different levels. To this end, quantum computing methods can play a significant enabling role and can provide a guaranteed security platform. 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The signal is also automatically attenuated when accessing homes, residences, or workplaces. As the frequency increases, radio waves attenuate and may have difficulty penetrating the walls of buildings and homes while affecting users' QoS requirements. Therefore, it is very important to develop stable, fast and accurate quantum algorithms to handle 6G communication requirements by dynamically allocating variable resources [10]. The current 5G standard does not address the issue of quantum computing but relies on traditional cryptography. The development towards cloud and edge native infrastructures is expected to continue in 6G networks. While large-scale quantum computing can be expected to take a longer duration, it is time to prepare for the shift to cryptography that is secure in the post-quantum world. According to current knowledge, contemporary symmetric cryptography remains secure for the most part, even after the advent of quantum computing. 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This is a technology in its infancy and a lot of research remains to be carried out to achieve sustainable solutions and overcome the current challenges. The use of intelligent systems (AI, ML and other techniques) will be essential in achieving solutions faster and providing sustainable outcomes. But IoT devices as well as cloud and edges nodes must be AI-ready and be able to support the use of intelligent algorithms.

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Recent research has clarified that radio applications above 300 GHz require a laborious analog design that takes into account the frequency-dependent nature of ohmic resistance at these frequencies, bringing optical communication solutions, well suited for short range links in the sixth generation (6G) THz band located between 300 GHz and 10 THz, into focus. In particular, wireless quantum optical communication concepts are attractive, replacing the classical radio frequency based inner physical layer transceivers used in channel coded short range wireless communication systems. In particular, due to low environmental interaction of short range links, the prevailing coherence and interference ability when knowing and maintaining the carrier phase permits a beneficially robust wireless quantum optical transmission. In this manuscript, the viability of connecting the 5G/New Radio polar code and the proposed wireless quantum optical communication concept, which uses the optimum soft output quantum data detector for coherent reception with known carrier phase, is demonstrated by means of performance results.
Research has shown that radio applications above300GHz300 \mathbf{G H z}300GHzrequire a very careful analog design that takes into account the frequency-dependent nature of ohmic resistance at these frequencies, bringing optical communication solutions for the sixth generation(6G)THz(6 \mathrm{G}) \text{THz}(6G)THzband located between 300 GHz and 10 THz, being well suited for short range links, into focus. The authors propose wireless quantum optical communications concepts replacing the classical radio frequency based inner physical layer transceivers used in classical channel coded short range wireless systems. Owing to low environmental interaction of such short range links, the coherence and interference ability when knowing and maintaining the carrier phase permits a beneficially robust transmission. Also, on the basis of today's wireless communication systems considering sophisticated channel codes such as the LTE turbo code and the WLAN LDPC code seems to be of greatest interest. Thus, besides illustrating the proposed wireless quantum optical communications concept, the optimum soft output quantum data detector for coherent reception with known carrier phase is discussed and both uncoded as well as novel channel coded bit error ratio performance results are presented.
Wireless communication applications above 300 GHz need careful analog electronics design that takes into account the frequency-dependent nature of ohmic resistance at these frequencies. The cumbersome development of electronics brings quantum optical communication solutions for the sixth generation (6G) THz band located between 300 GHz and 10 THz into focus. In this manuscript, the authors propose to replace the classical radio frequency based inner physical layer transceiver blocks used in classical channel coded short range wireless communication systems by wireless quantum optical communication concepts. Besides discussing the resulting generic concept of the wireless quantum optical communications and illustrating optimum quantum data detection schemes, novel reduced state quantum data detection and novel Kohonen maps based quantum data detection, will be addressed. All the considered quantum data detection schemes provide soft outputs required for the lowest possible block error ratio (BLER) at the output of the channel decoding. Furthermore, a novel polar codes design approach determining the polar sequence by appropriately combining already available polar sequences tailored for low BLER is presented for the first time after illustrating the basics of polar codes. In addition, turbo equalization for wireless quantum optical communications using polar codes will be presented, for the first time explicitly stating the generation of soft information associated with the codebits and introducing a novel scheme for the computation of extrinsic soft outputs to be used in the turbo equalization iterations. New simulation results emphasize the viability of the theoretical concepts.
Wireless communication above 300GHz requires highly sophisticated analog circuit design due to severe frequency dependent ohmic losses. The complexity of such electronic hardware motivates exploring wireless quantum optical communication approaches even for the 6G “terahertz (THz) range” 300GHz,10THz. In this work, the classical radio frequency (RF)-based inner physical layer (PHY) transceiver blocks of channel coded wireless communication systems are replaced by wireless quantum optical transceiver blocks. Short range concepts employing LEDs as transmitters are particularly attractive, owing to their low implementation cost and practical simplicity. In contrast to laser based wireless quantum optical transmission over multipath channels, the quantum mechanical density operator ρ̲RX,[si,bi] and the transition probability γ(si,si+1) required by the quantum data detection must be revised accordingly. Furthermore, the novel interpretation introduced here, in which the extrinsic information is treated as a diversity branch rather than as an estimate of the a priori information, facilitates turbo equalization that still can accomodate varying a priori information. However, due to the limited uncoded transmission performance achievable with such systems, the incorporation of sophisticated channel coding schemes appears imperative. The authors therefore investigate the combination of sophisticated channel coding techniques, such as polar coding, with LED based wireless quantum optical transmission technologies. All numerical results assume a cryogenically cooled receiver front-end (approximately 10 K), yielding thermal noise levels. Operation at room temperature in the 6G THz range 300GHz,10THz would require an average number N¯α of thermal noise photon values of approximately 5 to 20, which is beyond the scope of this feasibility study. The results show that the proposed paradigm enables simple, robust, and practically viable wireless quantum optical communication systems with favorable transmission performance. Additional gains are achieved through iterative turbo equalization. The results also suggest that the proposed approach can pave the way toward robust and economically viable future communication solutions.
While the commercial deployment of 5G networks and beyond is a reality, the first work for the definition and study of 6G networks has started. The scientific community agrees that these networks will be characterised by a very high spatial density of access points, heterogeneity of access technologies, an increased number of users per access point, and demand for ubiquitous connectivity that must combine ultra-low latency, very high bandwidth, and high energy efficiency [1, 2]. Among the emerging challenges, holographic communications, high-precision manufacturing, the ubiquitous introduction of intelligence, and the incorporation of new technologies based on sub-terahertz (THz) or Visible Light Communications (VLC) are real issues. These are taking place in a truly three-dimensional coverage framework, integrating terrestrial and aerial radio to meet the needs with cloud-based capabilities where and when needed (on-demand). Radio frequencies are used in wireless telecommunications, but the need for very high throughput requires wider bandwidths, hence very high frequencies, in particular THz bands. Moving to a higher frequency range—from 100 GHz to 10 THz—is expected to significantly increase the bandwidth of the radio channel, which will make it possible to serve a significant number of users. In this case, we are not talking about the connection of cell phones, tablets, or computers (and even smart cars)—we are considering the use of Internet of Things (IoT) devices, which within one base station can be quite a lot. Therefore, the technologies for beamforming, device location, etc., developed for the 5G generation that is just being implemented now should also remain but will be used at higher frequencies [3]. For which 6G is primarily intended, IoT solutions have been given a particular name: ‘human-machine-things’. They involve three elements in the system: a person as a physical carrier; an intelligent device with which the person interacts; collects data and executes commands from an application running on the person's device [4]. The 6G radio networks will provide the means of communication and data gathering necessary to accumulate information. Still, a system's approach will be required for the 6G technology market as a whole involving data analytics, artificial intelligence (AI), and next-generation computation capabilities via HPC and quantum computing [3, 5]. This tremendous amount of data may be harnessed, with strong processing and learning capabilities, to manage the network at different levels. To this end, quantum computing methods can play a significant enabling role and can provide a guaranteed security platform. Towards provisioning this massive connectivity and efficiently processing the voluminous data available at the user and network sides, quantum-powered computing methods have a strong potential in realising the ambitions of a service-driven, fully intelligent 6G communication network. There is every reason to believe that the integration of quantum technology can improve the throughput, efficiency, and security of 6G networks. In addition to the advantages mentioned above, this technology also has benefits in computing speed, guaranteed security, and minimal storage requirements. This makes it ideally suited for various future quantum communication network applications. Research is needed on many fronts to evaluate the potential opportunities of quantum computing in 6G applications. In 5G, a functional division is operated in both the RAN and core networks to meet the ultra-low latency and ultra-high efficiency requirements of 5G verticals. Notably, RAN functions are split into cloud-deployed services with interfacing capabilities. This new architecture has a significant impact on the efficient implementation of security processes [6]. One of the key challenges in deploying secure 5G networks is analysing how current cryptographic algorithms for secure authentication and data transmission can adapt to provide secure authentication between services and secure data encryption while ensuring that stringent efficiency requirements are met [7]. The powerful parallel processing capability of quantum search algorithms can be leveraged to solve large-scale wireless optimisation problems. (1) Is this ‘beyond 5G?’ This topic is highly exploratory and undoubtedly beyond the boundaries of core 5G R&D. (2) What are the new features and key challenges? Classically, the mutual information between the channel input and output must be maximised. For quantum channels, the capacity must be redefined. Quantum channels can increase the achievable capacity. As a result, error correction without redundancy is possible on noisy channels. Quantum computers can enable exponentially complex combinatorial ML decoding in classical systems [5, 6]. To cope with latency-critical scenarios such as automated cars and medical applications, communication must be accomplished in a concise time. Achieving latency of only a few milliseconds is a real challenge. To achieve low latency and ultra-high reliability, it is essential to develop powerful high-end processors that consume little power. Quantum computing seems to be a reliable solution to this issue [8]. With variable quality of service (QoS) requirements, a variable radio resource must be allocated to the user. This can be of variable bandwidth, variable power, or both. Another challenging aspect of 6G is that with the propagation frequency, the signal can attenuate quickly and have a high penetration loss at high frequencies [9]. The signal is also automatically attenuated when accessing homes, residences, or workplaces. As the frequency increases, radio waves attenuate and may have difficulty penetrating the walls of buildings and homes while affecting users' QoS requirements. Therefore, it is very important to develop stable, fast and accurate quantum algorithms to handle 6G communication requirements by dynamically allocating variable resources [10]. The current 5G standard does not address the issue of quantum computing but relies on traditional cryptography. The development towards cloud and edge native infrastructures is expected to continue in 6G networks. While large-scale quantum computing can be expected to take a longer duration, it is time to prepare for the shift to cryptography that is secure in the post-quantum world. According to current knowledge, contemporary symmetric cryptography remains secure for the most part, even after the advent of quantum computing. Furthermore, authentication by a physical layer signature, such as RF fingerprinting, and some other technologies, such as randomisation of MIMO transmission coefficients, coding, etc., could potentially be used in 6G [5, 11]. Whether it is for the optimisation of heterogeneous resources in 6G networks that result in the solution of ‘NP-complete’ combinatorial problems, for the compensation of non-linear effects of a communication chain or the optimisation of MIMO transmitter pre-coding matrix, future network nodes and devices will have to be equipped with learning and decision-making capabilities through AI and machine learning, so that they autonomously optimise their operation in response to changes in the environment [5]. In this context, the use of optimisation techniques based on quantum computing and AI applied to the field of 6G networks could be of considerable interest. Besides, quantum computing allows NP-hard optimisation problems to be solved in linear time, making it possible to solve and execute network optimisation problems in a much faster time, even in real-time [5, 11]. Regulatory and standardisation work will impact our future technology solutions in 5G networks and beyond. Protecting individual privacy and identity has long been a challenge for standards bodies, as countries have very different perspectives and regulations in this area. International standards bodies such as JTC 1 have committees working on privacy frameworks and are making progress, but there is still much to be done [13]. To conclude, we believe that our readers will find this opinion piece useful in giving an overview of the importance of Quantum Computing/communications in shaping the next communication systems and its security platforms. This is a technology in its infancy and a lot of research remains to be carried out to achieve sustainable solutions and overcome the current challenges. The use of intelligent systems (AI, ML and other techniques) will be essential in achieving solutions faster and providing sustainable outcomes. But IoT devices as well as cloud and edges nodes must be AI-ready and be able to support the use of intelligent algorithms.
Light emitting diodes (LEDs), which likely emit thermal states, are easy to implement alternatives to the usually taken lasers when deployed at quantum transmitters of wireless quantum optical communications. However, using LEDs leads to increased bit error and block error ratios in the said wireless quantum optical communication concepts. These increases of the error ratios can be mitigated by applying sophisticated channel coding, e.g. polar coding, which has been included in the Fifth Generation New Radio (5 G/NR) standard. In addition, applying turbo equalization, proposed for classical communications in the 1990s, seems attractive when striving for improved robustness of wireless quantum optical communications. In this manuscript the recently emerged laser based polar coded wireless quantum optical communication concept with turbo equalization, which has been applied to multipath reception scenarios, will be extended to the case of LED based polar coded wireless quantum optical multipath communications. We will demonstrate the viability of the proposed concept with selected simulation results.
The authors suggest to include quantum communications in classically channel encoded communications such as mobile radio systems. As an example, polar encoded wireless quantum optical communications suffering from intersymbol interference caused by multipath transmission is considered. The quantum mechanical transmission system will be discussed in detail, highlighting the optimum soft output quantum data detection, which uses a photon counter followed by an optimum data detection algorithm known from classical communications, e.g. the trellis based Viterbi algorithm or the trellis based BCJR (Bahl-Cocke-Jelinek-Raviv) algorithm. New encouraging simulation results will be presented.