V2G technology enables bidirectional energy transfer from EVs to the grid. It is possible to use the grid to charge EVs and to use EVs to charge the grid during peak grid hours, thus alleviating the problem of grid load fluctuations and improving grid efficiency. Many traditional authentication protocols have been proposed to protect V2G. However, the rapid development of high-speed Internet and the race to organize the development of quantum computers are a great threat to the existing authentication schemes. Therefore, traditional authentication protocols are vulnerable to attacks in the era of quantum computing. In this paper, I propose an extended chaotic mapping-based authentication and quantum key distribution scheme to defend against quantum attacks and prevent known traditional security attacks. The proposed extended chaotic mapping-based authentication protocol is secure under the real or random (ROR) model. Also, experimental results demonstrate that our protocol is lightweight compared to existing authentication protocols, as listed in the performance analysis section. The comparative analysis shows that the protocol is suitable for practical implementation in a quantum environment.
V2G technology enables bidirectional energy transfer from EVs to the grid. It is possible to use the grid to charge EVs and to use EVs to charge the grid during peak grid hours, thus alleviating the problem of grid load fluctuations and improving grid efficiency. Many traditional authentication protocols have been proposed to protect V2G. However, the rapid development of high-speed Internet and the race to organize the development of quantum computers are a great threat to the existing authentication schemes. Therefore, traditional authentication protocols are vulnerable to attacks in the era of quantum computing. In this paper, I propose an extended chaotic mapping-based authentication and quantum key distribution scheme to defend against quantum attacks and prevent known traditional security attacks. The proposed extended chaotic mapping-based authentication protocol is secure under the real or random (ROR) model. Also, experimental results demonstrate that our protocol is lightweight compared to existing authentication protocols, as listed in the performance analysis section. The comparative analysis shows that the protocol is suitable for practical implementation in a quantum environment.
Abstract Vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology enables bidirectional communication and energy interaction between electric vehicles and the power grid. To ensure real-time response and secure communication, authentication protocols in V2G must provide privacy protection, maintain lightweight computation, and resist various malicious attacks. However, the advancement of quantum computing poses a significant threat to the security of classical cryptographic systems. Furthermore, as vehicles and charging piles are often exposed in public areas and may operate offline, the information stored within these devices requires robust physical protection.To address these challenges, this paper proposes a PUF-based quantum authentication and key agreement protocol for V2G scenarios, which deeply binds classical PUF responses with quantum gate transformation techniques to achieve an efficient joint verification mechanism. The protocol utilizes quantum channels as tamper-proof transmission media to provide secure verification for pre-shared PUF credentials. By fusing classical and quantum communication with hash functions, the proposed scheme achieves lightweight, anonymous, mutual, and dual-factor identity authentication alongside secure key agreement. This integration ensures both communication security and participant privacy. Security analysis and experimental results demonstrate that the proposed protocol is lightweight in edge-side classical computation. Under strict system assumptions, it can provide sufficient security and efficiency guarantees for the system, offering a valuable reference solution for V2G networks.
Energy Internet is well-known nowadays for enabling bidirectional V2G communication; however, with communication and computation abilities, V2G systems become vulnerable to cyber-attacks and unauthorised access. An authentication protocol verifies the identity of an entity, establishes trust, and allows access to authorized resources while preventing unauthorized access. Research challenges for vehicle-to-grid authentication protocols include quantum security, privacy, resilience to attacks, and interoperability. The majority of authentication protocols in V2G systems are based on public-key cryptography and depend on some hard problems like integer factorization and discrete logs to guarantee security, which can be easily broken by a quantum adversary. Besides, ensuring both information security and entity privacy is equally crucial in V2G scenarios. Consequently, this work proposes a quantum-secured privacy-preserving key authentication and communication (QSKA) protocol using superdense coding and a hash function for unconditionally secure V2G communication and privacy. QSKA uses a password-based authentication mechanism, enabling V2G entities to securely transfer passwords using superdense coding. The QSKA security verification is performed in proof-assistant Coq. The security analysis and performance evaluation of the QSKA show its resiliency against well-known security attacks and reveal its enhanced reliability and efficiency with respect to state-of-the-art protocols in terms of computation, communication, and energy overhead.
Public cloud computing provides a variety of services to consumers via high-speed internet. The consumer can access these services anytime and anywhere on a balanced service cost. Many traditional authentication protocols are proposed to secure public cloud computing. However, the rapid development of high-speed internet and organizations’ race to develop quantum computers is a nightmare for existing authentication schemes. These traditional authentication protocols are based on factorization or discrete logarithm problems. As a result, traditional authentication protocols are vulnerable in the quantum computing era. Therefore, in this article, we have proposed an authentication protocol based on the lattice technique for public cloud computing to resist quantum attacks and prevent all known traditional security attacks. The proposed lattice-based authentication protocol is provably secure under the Real-Or-Random (ROR) model. At the same time, the result obtained during the experiments proved that our protocol is lightweight compared to the existing lattice-based authentication protocols, as listed in the performance analysis section. The comparative analysis shows that the protocol is suitable for practical implementation in a quantum-based environment.
The development and evolution of the smart grid into complex, cyber-physical energy systems make it essential to secure?communication among the distributed components. The rise of quantum computing has made it even more pressing to develop protocols that?are secure outside the limitations of classical cryptosystems. In this paper, it proposes a quantum-assisting secure communication scheme (QASCP) to?boost the security and energy for smart grid communication systems. The proposed protocol combines quantum key distribution with lightweight entropy-based mutual authentication and dynamic session management. It is designed to defend grid assets such as control centers, smart meters, and distribute energy?resources from sophisticated adversarial models, including quantum-capable threats. The approach consists of system level simulation utilizing a?co-simulation framework customized for quantum smart grid communication. The performance of this scheme was compared?against classical and PQ lattice-based schemes in terms of the authentication latency, energy consumption, entropy preservation, and scalability to handle the load and delay effects, under the assumptions of different loading and delay scenarios. Simulation results show that QASCP is able to reduce the energy consumption and authenticity latency, simultaneously it keeps the high throughput and leaves strong entropy?under attack scenarios. The protocol is also shown to?remain robust with varying quantum bit error rates as well as having a smaller memory footprint on popular network topologies. The results provide evidence for the practical integration of?quantum-secure communication in smart grid architectures. By addressing security and performance simultaneously, the protocol?provides a path to future-proof energy networks which can support dependable operations in a quantum-enhanced environment. This could be future enhance for energy efficiency.
The incorporation of Electric Vehicles into smart grid networks poses great cybersecurity threats, especially with respect to the secure authentication of devices and communications between charging stations, electric vehicles, and grid operators. Conventional cryptography methods like RSA and ECC are susceptible to quantum computing attacks, which call for the implementation of post-quantum cryptography in order to make these systems quantum-resistant. This paper discusses need and imminence of post-quantum cryptography-based authentication mechanisms for improving the security of smart grid infrastructure that facilitates Electric Vehicles operation and charging stations. It introduces the existing authentication protocols, their shortcomings from a quantum threat perspective, and suggests a framework using quantum-resistant algorithms for authenticating devices, exchanging keys, and ensuring data integrity. Moreover, we tackle scalability, efficiency, and standardization issues regarding the deployment of PQC-based solutions in large-scale smart grid settings. This research identifies the compelling need for secure, quantum-resistant authentication systems to protect the increasing overlap of electric vehicles and smart grid networks, with a view to maintaining secure, reliable, and future-proof energy infrastructures.
Smart grids leverage smart terminal devices to collect information from the user side, achieving accurate load forecasting and optimized dispatching of power systems, effectively improving power supply efficiency and reliability while reducing energy consumption. However, the development of quantum technology poses severe challenges to the communication security of smart grids that rely on traditional cryptography. To address this security risk in the quantum era, this paper draws on the core idea of quantum private comparison and proposes a quantum-secure identity authentication and key agreement scheme suitable for smart grids. This scheme uses Bell states as quantum resources, combines hash functions and XOR operations, and can adapt to resource-constrained terminal devices. Through a security proof, it verifies the scheme's ability to resist various attacks; the experimental results further show that the scheme still has good robustness in different noise environments, providing a feasible technical path for the secure communication of smart grids in the quantum environment and having clear practical engineering value.