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Quantum Information Processing

An efficient and resilient IoT architecture for smart grids via quantum key distribution and multi-homocryption encryption

Jiangang Feng, Faeiz Alserhani, Asmaa A. Hamad, Hassan Alsberi, Najah Kalifah Almazmomi, Arshad Hashmi

Published Aug 25, 2025• 1 citation
Publisher
DOI
10.1007/s11128-025-04906-3

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ABSTRACT The increasing complexity of smart grid IoT ecosystems demands security architectures capable of resisting quantum‐era threats, protecting data privacy, and scaling across large distributed infrastructures. This study introduces a novel hybrid security framework that integrates quantum cryptography, deep learning–based intrusion detection, and federated learning into a unified, high‐assurance design tailored for next‐generation smart grid environments. The architecture employs quantum key distribution (QKD) for secure key generation, an adaptive deep feature obfuscation layer to mitigate adversarial manipulation, and a privacy‐preserving federated learning pipeline that eliminates centralized data exposure. Simulation‐based evaluations demonstrate substantial performance gains, achieving a low quantum bit error rate (1.8%), high key‐generation throughput (4900 keys/s), low latency (18 ms), and intrusion detection accuracy of 98.7%, consistently outperforming conventional cryptographic and machine learning baselines. The framework further exhibits enhanced resilience against quantum‐based and adversarial attacks, with efficient performance maintained even under increasing network density. While real‐world deployment will require hardware‐in‐the‐loop validation and optimization for heterogeneous traffic conditions, the results indicate strong potential for securing future smart grid IoT infrastructures and supporting sustainable smart city applications.
The rapid expansion of Internet of Things (IoT) applications in sectors like smart cities, healthcare, and industrial automation has introduced serious security challenges due to limited device resources and growing threats from quantum computing. Traditional cryptographic techniques such as RSA and AES are increasingly inadequate, particularly against quantum attacks, and face limitations in scalability and efficiency in multi-node environments. To overcome these challenges, this paper proposes a lightweight and quantum-resilient security framework for IoT networks based on Multi-Node Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) integrated with Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC), termed MNQ-ECC. The proposed architecture enables secure key generation and exchange across multiple nodes and includes four security phases: pre-deployment, registration, login, and authentication. Here, performance evaluation is carried out using Qiskit simulators under varying network conditions and key performance metrics such as key generation rate, entropy, latency, and communication overhead are analysed. The results demonstrate that MNQ-ECC achieves 99.5% resistance to quantum attacks, improves key generation efficiency by 30%, and reduces encryption overhead by 20% compared to standard ECC. These findings confirm the framework's effectiveness in securing IoT networks with high scalability, low latency, and strong resilience against classical and quantum threats.