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Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe & European Quantum Electronics Conference (CLEO/Europe-EQEC)

Experimental Quantum Triangle Network Nonlocality with an AlGaAs Multiplexed Entangled Photon Source

Othmane Meskine, Ivan Šupić, Damian Markham, Félicien Appas, Fabien Boitier, Martina Morassi, Aristide Lemaître, Maria I. Amanti, F. Baboux, Eleni Diamanti, S. Ducci

Published Jun 23, 2025• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The exploration of the concept of nonlocality beyond standard Bell scenarios in quantum network architectures unveils fundamentally new forms of correlations that hold a strong potential for future applications of quantum communication networks [1]. It is necessary to adapt theoretical advances to realistic configurations to materialize this potential. Here we consider a quantum triangle network, illustrated in Fig. 1, for which it was shown in theory that, remarkably, quantum nonlocality without inputs can be demonstrated for sources with an arbitrarily small level of independence [2]. We realize experimentally such correlated sources,$\rho_{AB}, \rho_{AC}$, and$\rho_{BC}$, by carefully engineering the output state of a single AlGaAs multiplexed entangled-photon source [3], exploiting energy-matched channels cut in its broad spectrum. This simulated triangle network is then used to violate a Bell-like inequality that we derive to capture the effect of noise in the correlations present in our system [4]. We also rigorously validate our findings by analyzing the mutual information between the generated states. Our results allow us to deepen our understanding of network nonlocality while also pushing its practical relevance for quantum communication networks.

DOI
10.1109/cleo/europe-eqec65582.2025.11110264

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The exploration of the concept of nonlocality beyond standard Bell scenarios in quantum network architectures unveils fundamentally new forms of correlations that hold a strong potential for future applications of quantum communication networks [1]. It is necessary to adapt theoretical advances to realistic configurations to materialize this potential. Here we consider a quantum triangle network, illustrated in Fig. 1, for which it was shown in theory that, remarkably, quantum nonlocality without inputs can be demonstrated for sources with an arbitrarily small level of independence [2]. We realize experimentally such correlated sources,ρAB,ρAC\rho_{AB}, \rho_{AC}ρAB​,ρAC​, andρBC\rho_{BC}ρBC​, by carefully engineering the output state of a single AlGaAs multiplexed entangled-photon source [3], exploiting energy-matched channels cut in its broad spectrum. This simulated triangle network is then used to violate a Bell-like inequality that we derive to capture the effect of noise in the correlations present in our system [4]. We also rigorously validate our findings by analyzing the mutual information between the generated states. Our results allow us to deepen our understanding of network nonlocality while also pushing its practical relevance for quantum communication networks.
The exploration of the concept of nonlocality beyond standard Bell scenarios in quantum network architectures unveils fundamentally new forms of correlations that hold a strong potential for future applications of quantum communication networks. To materialize this potential, it is necessary to adapt theoretical advances to realistic configurations. Here, we consider a quantum triangle network, for which is has been shown in theory that, remarkably, quantum nonlocality without inputs can be demonstrated for sources with an arbitrarily small level of independence. We realize such correlated sources experimentally by carefully engineering the output state of a single Al Ga As multiplexed entangled-photon source, exploiting energy-matched channels cut in its broad spectrum. This simulated triangle network, based on standard fiber telecom components, is then used to violate experimentally a Bell-like inequality that we derive to capture the effect of noise in the correlations present in our system. We also rigorously validate our findings by analyzing the mutual information between the generated states. Our results allow us to deepen our understanding of network nonlocality while also pushing its practical relevance for quantum communication networks.
Correlations in quantum networks with independent sources exhibit a completely novel form of nonclassicality in the sense that the nonlocality of such correlations can be demonstrated in fixed local input scenarios. Before the pioneering work of Renou et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 123, 140401 (2019)], the nonlocal feature of such network correlations was directly attributable to standard Bell nonlocality. In the above-mentioned reference, the authors provided some of the first examples of triangle network correlations, whose nonlocality cannot be deduced from Bell-CHSH nonlocality. To date, a complete characterization of such scenarios has yet to be provided. The present work characterizes correlations arising due to fixed local measurements in a triangle network under a source independence assumption. Precisely speaking, a set of criteria is framed in the form of Bell-type inequalities, each of which is necessarily satisfied by trilocal correlations. Possible quantum violation of at least one criterion from the set is analyzed, which in turn points out the utility of the set of criteria to detect nonlocality (nontrilocality) in quantum triangle networks. Interestingly, measurement on a local product state basis turns out to be sufficient to generate nontrilocal correlations in some quantum networks. Noise tolerance of the detection criteria is discussed followed by a generalization of the framework for demonstrating correlations in any nnn-sided polygon where nnn is finite.
Quantum networks are the center of many of the recent advances in quantum science, not only leading to the discovery of new properties in the foundations of quantum theory but also allowing for novel communication and cryptography protocols. It is known that networks beyond that in the paradigmatic Bell's theorem imply new and sometimes stronger forms of nonclassicality. Due to a number of practical difficulties, however, the experimental implementation of such networks remains far less explored. Going beyond what has been previously tested, here we verify the nonlocality of an experimental triangle network, consisting of three independent sources of bipartite entangled photon states interconnecting three distant parties. By performing separable measurements only and evaluating parallel chained Bell inequalities, we show that such networks can lead to a genuine form of tripartite nonlocality, where classical models are unable to mimic the quantum predictions even if some of the parties are allowed to communicate.
Quantum networks allow in principle for completely novel forms of quantum correlations. In particular, quantum nonlocality can be demonstrated here without the need of having various input settings, but only by considering the joint statistics of fixed local measurement outputs. However, previous examples of this intriguing phenomenon all appear to stem directly from the usual form of quantum nonlocality, namely via the violation of a standard Bell inequality. Here we present novel examples of "quantum nonlocality without inputs," which we believe represent a new form of quantum nonlocality, genuine to networks. Our simplest examples, for the triangle network, involve both entangled states and joint entangled measurements. A generalization to any odd-cycle network is also presented.
In recent years, the study of Bell nonlocality has been generalized to quantum networks, where multiple independent sources distribute physical systems to distant parties who perform local measurements. In this context, a central open question is to identify the minimal network configuration in which quantum resources produce Bell nonlocal correlations. Here we address this question and show that quantum nonlocality is possible in the triangle network where the parties have no input choices and produce only binary-valued outcomes. To do so, we start by identifying a family of target distributions and proving their nonlocality. Next, we construct an explicit quantum model that reproduces the target distributions to machine precision. For this, we develop an efficient method for parameterizing quantum distributions in networks, inspired by the formalism of higher-order quantum operations. When considering the number of observed variables and their cardinality, this constitutes the smallest scenario possible that supports quantum nonlocality in networks. Moreover, by analyzing the explicit quantum model, we obtain new insights into how nonlocal distributions can be generated in quantum networks.
Bell nonlocality refers to correlations between two distant, entangled particles that challenge classical notions of local causality. Beyond its foundational significance, nonlocality is crucial for device-independent technologies like quantum key distribution and randomness generation. Nonlocality quickly deteriorates in the presence of noise, and restoring nonlocal correlations requires additional resources. These often come in the form of many instances of the input state and joint measurements, incurring a significant resource overhead. Here, we experimentally demonstrate that single copies of Bell-local states, incapable of violating any standard Bell inequality, can give rise to nonlocality after being embedded into a quantum network of multiple parties. We subject the initial entangled state to a quantum channel that broadcasts part of the state to two independent receivers and certify the nonlocality in the resulting network by violating a tailored Bell-like inequality. We obtain these results without making any assumptions about the prepared states, the quantum channel, or the validity of quantum theory. Our findings have fundamental implications for nonlocality and enable the practical use of nonlocal correlations in real-world applications, even in scenarios dominated by noise.