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Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe & European Quantum Electronics Conference (CLEO/Europe-EQEC)

Demonstration of Programmable Temporal-Waveform Shaping for Optical Non-Gaussian Quantum States

Yuji Nishizawa, Hiroko Tomoda, Akihiro Machinaga, Takahiro Kashiwazaki, Takeshi Umeki, Shigehito Miki, Masahiro Yabuno, Hirotaka Terai, Shuntaro Takeda

Published Jun 23, 2025• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In photonic quantum information processing (QIP), processing efficiency can be enhanced by optimizing the degrees of freedom of quantum light, such as spatial modes, polarization, and others. Among these, temporal-waveform (TW) is crucial for high-contrast interference of quantum lights, efficient coupling to quantum memories, and quantum computation and communication with temporal mode encoding [1]–[4]. Furthermore, to optimize TWs according to specific applications and purposes, programmable TW shaping is essential.

DOI
10.1109/cleo/europe-eqec65582.2025.11109662

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In photonic quantum information processing (QIP), processing efficiency can be enhanced by optimizing the degrees of freedom of quantum light, such as spatial modes, polarization, and others. Among these, temporal-waveform (TW) is crucial for high-contrast interference of quantum lights, efficient coupling to quantum memories, and quantum computation and communication with temporal mode encoding [1]–[4]. Furthermore, to optimize TWs according to specific applications and purposes, programmable TW shaping is essential.
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A versatile quantum light source capable of programmably generating a variety of quantum light is a key enabler for photonic quantum technologies. In particular, independent control over both the output quantum state and its temporal waveform is essential for realizing diverse functionalities and enhancing processing performance. However, conventional sources of optical non-Gaussian states, a crucial resource for photonic quantum information processing, typically emit fixed states with predetermined temporal waveforms, lacking their programmability. Here, we propose a programmable non-Gaussian quantum light source that offers independent and arbitrary tunability of both the quantum state and the temporal waveform within a single platform. As a distinctive feature, our approach employs a heralding scheme in which these two properties are indirectly engineered to user-defined targets by manipulating the light in the heralding channel, thereby avoiding optical losses associated with direct manipulation of the heralded quantum light. We develop a prototype and demonstrate the generation of single-photon, Schrödinger cat, and two-photon states in a variety of unconventional temporal waveforms without degradation in state quality. This platform provides a versatile tool for tailoring quantum light to specific applications, significantly expanding the capabilities of photonic quantum technologies.
We describe a technique for dynamic quantum optical arbitrary-waveform generation and manipulation, which is capable of mode selectively operating on quantum signals without inducing significant loss or decoherence. It is built upon combining the developed tools of quantum frequency conversion and optical arbitrary waveform generation. Considering realistic parameters, we propose and analyze applications such as programmable reshaping of picosecond-scale temporal modes, selective frequency conversion of any one or superposition of those modes, and mode-resolved photon counting. We also report on experimental progress to distinguish two overlapping, orthogonal temporal modes, demonstrating over 8 dB extinction between picosecond-scale time-frequency modes, which agrees well with our theory. Our theoretical and experimental progress, as a whole, points to an enabling optical technique for various applications such as ultradense quantum coding, unity-efficiency cavity-atom quantum memories, and high-speed quantum computing.
Creating and controlling well-defined single-photon states is important for many quantum enhanced technologies. Information can be encoded in any degree of freedom associated with a single-photon field excitation, for example in the polarization or transverse spatial mode structure. The ability to encode multiple qubits in these states is desirable for high data transmission rates and increased information processing capacity. The spectral-temporal domain offers a large Hilbert space for encoding information, well suited to integrated optical architectures owing to the low cross-talk between channels. Indeed, time-frequency encoding is an integral component of existing information technologies infrastructure. Thus, complete, coherent control of the spectral-temporal mode structure of light is essential to advancing optical quantum technologies. Arbitrary control of single-photon states has been demonstrated in the polarization and spatial-momentum degrees of freedom however, is yet to be established in the spectral-temporal domain. Recently it was shown that spectral-temporal pulse shaping is experimentally feasible using nonlinear optical methods. However, such techniques can introduce noise photons, are challenging to implement deterministically and require specially prepared auxiliary pump pulses. Furthermore, they are typically only possible at relatively low repetition rates to avoid damage of nonlinear optical materials. Here, we demonstrate deterministic pulse shaping of single-photon wave packets by introducing a time-varying phase. Applying linear or quadratic phase to the wave packet introduces a spectral shift or spectral broadening, respectively. Achieving significant spectral manipulation requires temporal-phase modulation on the order of π. The phase must also vary on the same time scale as the optical pulses, approximately 1 ps in duration here. This relatively rapid phase variation is achieved using a fast electro-optic phase modulator. The modulator is driven by a time-varying voltage that is synchronized with a pulse train of single-photon wave packets for accurate temporal phase control. In this thesis, we experimentally demonstrate control of the spectral-temporal state of single-photon wave packets using this method. Heralded single-photon wave packets are generated by spontaneous parametric down conversion pumped by a frequency-doubled Titanium-Sapphire laser oscillator with 80 MHz repetition rate. To achieve significant modulation of single-photon pulses a 10 V peak-to-peak radio-frequency signal of 40 GHz drives the phase modulator, which requires approximately 3.6 V to achieve a π phase shift. The signal is synchronized with the oscillator pulse train using custom designed electronics. Details of these electronics are presented, resulting in a robust phase and amplitude controllable 40 GHz voltage source, phase locked to the single-photon pulse train. To demonstrate the utility of this pulse-shaping method we experimentally show spectral shearing of almost 1 nm for single-photon wave packets with 830 nm central wavelength and 1 nm bandwidth. Measurement of the second-order intensity correlation before and after the wave-packet manipulation remains constant within uncertainty of the measurement, showing that the quantum nature of the single-photon source is not deteriorated by the modulator. Preservation of the wave-packet coherence is verified by two-photon interference between spectrally sheared and non-modulated single-photons.
High-dimensional degrees of photons – such as orbital angular momentum, spatial modes of frequency – provide a powerful mean to increase the density and security of quantum communication, and to enhance flexibility in quantum computing. In particular, the spatial degree of freedom is particularly suited to on-chip integration. Rapid progress has been made in recent years to develop integrated circuits achieving on-chip quantum interference, entanglement and gate operations on spatially encoded states, culminating in the demonstration of the Boson Sampling task on-chip [1]. While many of these demonstrations have relied on external sources to generate quantum states of light, which were then fed into a passive circuitry, a next step has been taken recently with the demonstration of active chips combining the generation and manipulation of spatially encoded states [2].