Ensuring information security resilience in Digital-enabled Construction Projects (DCPs) is challenging. This is due to the presence of various protocols, the participation of multiple organizations, and the extensive exchange of dynamic and static information across complex networks. Traditional security measures are often reactive, static, and fragmented, and insufficient. This paper explores quantum security technologies to proactively address information confidentiality, integrity, and availability (CIA) challenges in DCPs. A mixed-method review combining quantitative scientometric analysis and qualitative literature review was conducted, with findings validated through expert interviews and a focus group. The research proposes the Adaptive Quantum-Classical Security (AQCS) framework, demonstrating how quantum cryptography, communication, networks, and optimization can enhance proactive security in DCPs. AQCS facilitates gradual adoption, improving information resilience while minimizing workflow disruption, financial losses, and operational risks. This paper applies quantum security technologies to construction, introducing the AQCS framework for integrating quantum advancements into DCPs.
Ensuring information security resilience in Digital-enabled Construction Projects (DCPs) is challenging. This is due to the presence of various protocols, the participation of multiple organizations, and the extensive exchange of dynamic and static information across complex networks. Traditional security measures are often reactive, static, and fragmented, and insufficient. This paper explores quantum security technologies to proactively address information confidentiality, integrity, and availability (CIA) challenges in DCPs. A mixed-method review combining quantitative scientometric analysis and qualitative literature review was conducted, with findings validated through expert interviews and a focus group. The research proposes the Adaptive Quantum-Classical Security (AQCS) framework, demonstrating how quantum cryptography, communication, networks, and optimization can enhance proactive security in DCPs. AQCS facilitates gradual adoption, improving information resilience while minimizing workflow disruption, financial losses, and operational risks. This paper applies quantum security technologies to construction, introducing the AQCS framework for integrating quantum advancements into DCPs.
In an era of unprecedented technological advancement, the rise of quantum computing poses both opportunities and challenges to network security. While quantum computers promise to revolutionize data processing and problem-solving, they also render traditional cryptographic protocols vulnerable, threatening the integrity of current network security systems. Quantum cryptography, particularly quantum key distribution (QKD), emerges as a groundbreaking solution, leveraging the principles of quantum mechanics to ensure unparalleled data security. Unlike classical methods, QKD guarantees secure communication by detecting eavesdropping attempts, as any observation of quantum states disrupts their integrity. This paper explores the pivotal role of quantum cryptography in shaping future network security protocols amidst a landscape of increasing cyber threats. It provides a comprehensive analysis of QKD systems, their integration into existing infrastructure, and their resilience against potential quantum-based attacks. The discussion includes real-world implementations, such as satellite-based QKD networks and fiber-optic quantum communication systems, illustrating their practical viability and scalability. Furthermore, the paper addresses current challenges, including cost, technical complexity, and interoperability with classical networks, offering insights into ongoing research aimed at overcoming these hurdles. As global reliance on digital infrastructure grows, the transition to quantum-resilient security frameworks becomes imperative. Policymakers, industry leaders, and technology developers must collaborate to advance quantum cryptographic technologies and ensure their accessibility. By securing communication channels against both classical and quantum threats, quantum cryptography is positioned to redefine the foundations of network security, paving the way for a more secure and interconnected digital future.
The advent of Quantum Computing (QC) poses significant threats to the cryptographic foundations of Blockchain (BC) systems, as quantum algorithms like Shor’s and Grover’s undermine the security of public-key cryptography and hash functions. This research conducts a comprehensive risk assessment of quantum vulnerabilities across critical BC components, including consensus mechanisms, smart contracts, and digital wallets. Leveraging the STRIDE threat modeling framework, we analyze threat vectors specific to QC, identifying key areas most susceptible to quantum-enabled attacks, such as private key compromise, consensus disruptions, and smart contract integrity risks. Our contributions provide actionable mitigation strategies, including a detailed security blueprint for quantum resilience, encompassing the integration of Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) and the adoption of quantum-resistant hash functions. We offer implementation best practices, focusing on key management, secure coding, and network security to strengthen BC components against quantum threats. To mitigate the risk of QC during transition from classical to quantum-resistant BCs, we present two hybrid BC architectures. As part of a comprehensive quantum resilience strategy, these architectures facilitate a secure and scalable migration by integrating platform-specific adaptations that balance security, adaptability, and operational efficiency. Our analysis extends to major BC platforms, including Bitcoin, Ethereum, Ripple, Litecoin, and Zcash, providing platform-specific vulnerability assessments and highlighting unique weaknesses in the quantum era. By identifying vulnerabilities, developing proactive defense strategies, and adopting a structured hybrid migration approach, this research equips BC stakeholders with a robust framework to achieve long-term quantum resilience. Finally, we explore challenges and research directions for integrating emerging technologies, including quantum machine learning, Artificial Intelligence (AI), and Web3, with BC systems, and discuss new threats that may arise from this convergence in the QC era.
The emergence of quantum computing is set to reshape the landscape of cybersecurity, presenting a blend of significant challenges and groundbreaking opportunities. This paper delves into the growing risks tied to quantum technologies, with a particular focus on post-quantum cryptography (PQC) and the threats posed by the possible obsolescence of traditional cryptographic methods. As quantum computing capabilities advance at a rapid pace, the need for the development of quantum-resistant security protocols has become more urgent than ever. This research investigates the vulnerabilities of current cryptographic systems, the potential dangers posed by quantum computing, and the solutions already available in the field of post-quantum cryptography. Furthermore, the paper outlines a comprehensive framework for cybersecurity solutions that are resilient to future quantum threats, emphasizing the importance of collaboration across academic, industrial, and governmental sectors. By reviewing current literature and technological developments, this paper provides a roadmap for transitioning to quantum-safe security practices, addressing the risks brought on by quantum advancements, and ensuring that critical infrastructure is well-defended against quantum-driven attacks. The findings indicate that while quantum computing introduces profound risks to traditional cybersecurity systems, a proactive, strategic adoption of PQC solutions can effectively protect vital infrastructure in the post-quantum age.
With its significant security potential, the quantum internet is poised to revolutionize technologies like cryptography and communications. Although it boasts enhanced security over traditional networks, the quantum internet still encounters unique security challenges essential for safeguarding its Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability (CIA). This study explores these challenges by analyzing the vulnerabilities and the corresponding mitigation strategies across different layers of the quantum internet, including physical, link, network, and application layers. We assess the severity of potential attacks, evaluate the expected effectiveness of mitigation strategies, and identify vulnerabilities within diverse network configurations, integrating both classical and quantum approaches. Our research highlights the dynamic nature of these security issues and emphasizes the necessity for adaptive security measures. The findings underline the need for ongoing research into the security dimension of the quantum internet to ensure its robustness, encourage its adoption, and maximize its impact on society.
Blockchain ecosystems and platforms form a critical foundation for national digital economies worldwide. However, recent advancements in quantum computing, exemplified by breakthroughs from IBM and other leading developers, reveal that these systems may no longer guarantee stability and security against emerging quantum-enabled attacks. The increasing feasibility of such threats, commonly referred to as the “quantum threat,” poses unprecedented risks to the integrity, confidentiality, and reliability of blockchain infrastructures. In response, several technologically advanced countries have initiated efforts to anticipate and mitigate potential quantum cyberattacks. Ensuring the quantum resilience of blockchain systems necessitates novel approaches beyond conventional information security methods. Unlike traditional protections, these approaches aim to prevent systemic failures even under quantum-enabled adversarial conditions. The study identifies and systematizes the main directions for achieving quantum resilience, including post-quantum cryptographic primitives, modified quantum algorithms, and hybrid quantum–classical security models. The review highlights how progress in superconducting, ionic, photonic, and neutral-atom quantum platforms reshapes the threat landscape. A distinctive contribution of this work lies in its integrative perspective — linking cryptographic, architectural, and ecosystem-level aspects of blockchain sustainability under quantum threats. The proposed framework emphasizes combining post-quantum cryptography, quantum-safe protocols, and cross-domain coordination between quantum computing and cybersecurity research. Given the rapidly advancing nature of quantum technologies, the findings presented here not only reflect the current state of the field but also outline strategic directions for developing adaptive, quantum-resilient blockchain systems, including dynamic algorithmic frameworks, formal verification of quantum-resistant smart contracts, and simulation of blockchain protocols against quantum adversary models.
The advent of quantum computing introduces fundamental challenges to contemporary cybersecurity, particularly by undermining the security assumptions of widely deployed cryptographic schemes. In parallel, the increasing sophistication, stealth, and adaptability of modern cyber threats expose the limitations of traditional, reactive security monitoring approaches. These developments motivate a shift toward defense strategies that are both quantum-resilient and intelligence-driven. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the convergence between post-quantum cryptography (PQC) and AI-driven threat hunting, focusing on the design and evolution of quantum-resilient defense frameworks. Rather than emphasizing empirical performance comparisons or speculative quantitative claims, the review adopts a concept-centric and analytically grounded perspective. It examines the foundational principles of post-quantum cryptography, the role of artificial intelligence in proactive threat hunting, and the emerging need to integrate cryptographic assurance with adaptive, learning-based security mechanisms. Existing architectural models, trust and risk abstractions, and formal security properties are analyzed to highlight how AI techniques can complement PQC by enabling continuous threat inference, contextual awareness, and adaptive response in post-quantum environments. The paper further synthesizes current research into a unified conceptual framework that captures the interaction between quantum-resistant cryptographic primitives and AI-based threat hunting processes. Key research gaps and open challenges are identified, including issues related to scalability, explainability, validation under future threat models, and the co-evolution of cryptographic and intelligent defense mechanisms. By consolidating fragmented research directions into a coherent analytical narrative, this review aims to serve as a foundational reference for future work on integrated, quantum-resilient cybersecurity architectures.