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Acta Sinica Quantum Optica

铯原子nD里德堡态量子亏损的精密测量

范伟娜 Wei-na FAN, 宜旭阳 Xu-yang YI, 康智强 Zhi-qiang KANG, 张好 Hao ZHANG, 杨文广 Wen-guang YANG

Published Jan 1, 2024• 0 citations

Abstract

量子亏损是碱金属原子低轨道角动量的特有性质，它主要源于最外层电子轨道与离子实相互作用所引起的能量变化，导致碱金属低轨道角动量态的能量与氢原子相应能级相比产生较大的频移。在里德堡原子波函数的数值计算过程中，量子亏损会影响里德堡能级的精确值，从而影响波函数的计算精确度，对于里德堡原子的极化率计算、基于里德堡原子的微波电场测量等理论研究和实验测量精确度的提高有重要的意义。原子的电磁诱导透明效应（Electromagnetically-Induced-Transparency，EIT）提供了一种实现精密测量里德堡能级的技术手段。通过双光子激发方法将室温蒸汽池中的原子激发到里德堡态，利用电磁诱导透明光谱测量了nD5/2和nD3/2态（50≤n≤70）的精细结构分裂，进而拟合获得了铯原子nD里德堡态的量子亏损。通过分析铯里德堡原子nD态精细结构分裂的测量误差，去除了里德堡原子相互作用引起的能级频移，提高了铯里德堡nD态量子亏损测量的精确度。

DOI: 10.3788/jqo20243003.0203

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量子亏损是碱金属原子低轨道角动量的特有性质，它主要源于最外层电子轨道与离子实相互作用所引起的能量变化，导致碱金属低轨道角动量态的能量与氢原子相应能级相比产生较大的频移。在里德堡原子波函数的数值计算过程中，量子亏损会影响里德堡能级的精确值，从而影响波函数的计算精确度，对于里德堡原子的极化率计算、基于里德堡原子的微波电场测量等理论研究和实验测量精确度的提高有重要的意义。原子的电磁诱导透明效应（Electromagnetically-Induced-Transparency，EIT）提供了一种实现精密测量里德堡能级的技术手段。通过双光子激发方法将室温蒸汽池中的原子激发到里德堡态，利用电磁诱导透明光谱测量了nD5/2和nD3/2态（50≤n≤70）的精细结构分裂，进而拟合获得了铯原子nD里德堡态的量子亏损。通过分析铯里德堡原子nD态精细结构分裂的测量误差，去除了里德堡原子相互作用引起的能级频移，提高了铯里德堡nD态量子亏损测量的精确度。

近年来，电磁诱导透明（EIT）效应得到了广泛的研究，特别是对其群延迟的动态可调谐在光通信领域有良好的应用前景。提出了一种一维光子晶体纳米梁腔辅助微环谐振腔的动态可调谐电磁诱导透明系统。在该系统中引入了石墨烯，通过改变石墨烯的费米能级实现了对类电磁诱导透明的开关调控和群延迟的动态调谐。此外，在改变纳米梁腔与微环谐振腔的耦合距离和微环谐振腔的半径时，实现了对EIT窗口“关—开—关”的调控。采用三能级原子系统解释了类EIT效应的物理机制，采用三维时域有限差分法对该结构进行仿真，并分析了该结构的传感特性和延迟特性，仿真结果表明，灵敏度为614.4 nm/RIU、品质因数为370.8、群延迟为7.1 ps、群指数高达895。该系统为光开关、传感器和慢光器件的研发提供了一种可行方案。

We design phase-sensitive Rydberg-atom interferometry by implementing Floquet electromagnetically induced transparency (FEIT). The FEIT mixes the sidebands of a Rydberg state induced by a megahertz radio frequency (rf) field and recombines them into FEIT bands. The FEIT bands act as screens to present the interference between paths with different phases, which are transitions between the sidebands and excited states. This interferometry can measure the phase of a megahertz rf field without a local rf reference field. A phase reference is supplied to the atoms via a periodic electrical signal in the FEIT. We demonstrate that the megahertz rf phase can be resolved over the full $2\ensuremath{\pi}$ range with a theoretical accuracy of ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ rad. Moreover, the rf amplitude can also be resolved with higher accuracy than with the traditional EIT-based scheme.

原子磁强计以其高灵敏度和成本低等优势受到了越来越多的关注，如今，进一步提高原子磁强计的芯片集成度已成为主要趋势，因为它有利于生物磁性测量与成像。但是，目前实现原子磁强计小型化的主要障碍是微加工原子气室的光学元件分立。鉴于此，笔者提出一种基于新兴超表面的超紧凑片上原子气室方案，该方案将超表面与各向异性腐蚀的单晶硅相结合，在保证高灵敏度的同时提高了原子气室的集成度。该方案能够对圆偏振入射光束进行光路操纵，效率可达到80%。超表面采用厚度为500 nm的硅设计而成，可以通过基本的微加工工艺直接在原子气室上制造。所设计的新型原子气室具有集成度高、可大批量制造的优点，为未来生物磁性传感系统的发展提供了参考。

双数态是量子相位估计问题中的有用资源，其作为马赫-曾德尔干涉仪输入态，可使得相位测量精度突破标准量子极限。然而，符合计数探测导致双数态的相位分布函数（即似然函数）出现多峰结构，出现相位模糊。针对这一问题，提出一种可消除相位模糊的简便方案，并对其有效性进行分析。该方案的核心是将N光子双数态和单光子分别注入干涉仪中，使得总的相位分布函数具有单峰结构，由此得到唯一最大似然估计量，该估计量的涨落在整个相位区间均优于标准量子极限。

We theoretically investigate the classical analog of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) and electromagnetically induced absorption (EIA) in a planar metamaterial at optical frequency, which originates from destructive and constructive interference between dark and radiative elements.The metamaterial consists of two coupled resonators with different geometries.An EIT-like transparent window with low absorption is observed and found to be strongly affected by resonant states of the resonators.The transition between the EIT and EIA is achieved by changing the split width and coupling distance.The absorption is enhanced up to 2.5 times compared with the dipolar case.The excitation of the dark mode is very important for EIT-and EIA-like responses of the proposed metamaterial.The EIT and EIA phenomena offer a potential method for manipulating electromagnetic response in metamaterial-based devices.