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Photonics for Quantum (PfQ)

Generating large-scale tree-type photonic cluster states with a recurrent quantum photonic neural network

Jacob Ewaniuk, Bhavin J. Shastri, Nir Rotenberg

Published Jul 18, 2025• 0 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1117/12.3063140

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Large, multi-dimensional clusters of entangled photons are among the most powerful resources for emerging quantum technologies, as they are predicted to enable global quantum networks or universal quantum computation. Here, we propose an entirely new architecture and protocol for their generation based on recurrent quantum photonic neural networks (QPNNs) and focusing on tree-type cluster states. Unlike other approaches, QPNN-based generators are not limited by the the coherence of quantum emitters or by probabilistic multi-photon operations, enabling arbitrary scaling only limited by loss (which, unavoidably, also affects all other methods). We show that a single QPNN can learn to perform all of the many different operations needed to create a cluster state, from photon routing to entanglement generation, all with near-perfect fidelity and at loss-limited rates, even when it is created from imperfect photonic components. Although these losses ultimately place a limit on the size of the cluster states, we show that state-of-the-art photonics should already allow for clusters of 60 photons, which can grow into the 100s with modest improvements to losses. Finally, we present an analysis of a one-way quantum repeater based on these states, determining the requisite platform quality for a global quantum network and highlighting the potential of the QPNN to play a vital role in high-impact quantum technologies.

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Large, multi-dimensional clusters of entangled photons are among the most powerful resources for emerging quantum technologies, as they are predicted to enable global quantum networks or universal quantum computation. Here, we propose an entirely new architecture and protocol for their generation based on recurrent quantum photonic neural networks (QPNNs) and focusing on tree-type cluster states. Unlike other approaches, QPNN-based generators are not limited by the the coherence of quantum emitters or by probabilistic multi-photon operations, enabling arbitrary scaling only limited by loss (which, unavoidably, also affects all other methods). We show that a single QPNN can learn to perform all of the many different operations needed to create a cluster state, from photon routing to entanglement generation, all with near-perfect fidelity and at loss-limited rates, even when it is created from imperfect photonic components. Although these losses ultimately place a limit on the size of the cluster states, we show that state-of-the-art photonics should already allow for clusters of 60 photons, which can grow into the 100s with modest improvements to losses. Finally, we present an analysis of a one-way quantum repeater based on these states, determining the requisite platform quality for a global quantum network and highlighting the potential of the QPNN to play a vital role in high-impact quantum technologies.
A photonic cluster state with a tree-type entanglement structure constitutes an efficient resource for quantum error correction of photon loss. But the generation of a tree cluster state with an arbitrary size is notoriously difficult. Here, we propose a protocol to deterministically generate photonic tree states of arbitrary size by using only a single quantum emitter. Photonic entanglement is established through both emission and rescattering from the same emitter, enabling fast and resource-efficient entanglement generation. The same protocol can also be extended to generate more general tree-type entangled states.
Multidimensional cluster states are a key resource for robust quantum communication, measurement-based quantum computing and quantum metrology. Here, we present a device capable of emitting large-scale entangled microwave photonic states in a two dimensional ladder structure. The device consists of a pair of coupled superconducting transmon qubits which are each tuneably coupled to a common output waveguide. This architecture permits entanglement between each transmon and a deterministically emitted photonic qubit. By interleaving two-qubit gates with controlled photon emission, we generate 2 × n grids of time- and frequency-multiplexed cluster states of itinerant microwave photons. We generate states with fidelities above 0.50 for up to eight qubits and, in addition, observe nonzero localizable entanglement for states of up to 16 qubits. We expect the device architecture to be capable of generating a wide range of other tensor network states such as tree graph states, repeater states or the ground state of the toric code, and to be readily scalable to generate larger and higher dimensional states. Cluster states are a key resource in quantum technologies, but generation of large-scale 2D cluster states faces several difficulties. Here, the authors show how to generate a 2 × n ladder-like cluster state via sequential emission of time- and frequency multiplexed photonic qubits from a transmon-based device.