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Quantum 2.0 Conference and Exhibition

Lossless Spectral-Temporal Mode Shaping for Efficient Two-Photon Interference

Jerzy Szuniewicz, Jan Krzyżanowski, Ksawery Mielczarek, Michał Chrzanowski, Filip Sośnicki, Michał Karpiński

Published Jan 1, 2025• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We demonstrate a phase-only photonic interface enabling arbitrary spectral-temporal mode conversion. By using this method for mismatched photon spectra we achieve 63% two-photon interference visibility with sevenfold improved transmission compared to filtering, enabling efficient quantum information transfer.
DOI
10.1364/quantum.2025.qth2b.4

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Two-photon interference is a cornerstone of photonic quantum technologies. However, its practical use in hybrid architectures is constrained by the need for photon indistinguishability, particularly in linewidth and the associated time scale. While narrowband filtering can improve interference visibility, it introduces significant photon loss - a critical limitation for applications. Here, we experimentally demonstrate an efficient approach to enable non-classical two-photon interference between spectral-bandwidth mismatched photons using an electro-optic time lens. We increase the visibility of Hong-Ou-Mandel (HOM) interference between spectral bandwidth mismatched photons from (31.0±1.7)%(31.0\pm1.7)\%(31.0±1.7)%, to (91.7±2.6)%(91.7\pm2.6)\%(91.7±2.6)%, with correction for accidental coincidences, achieving highly non-classical two-photon interference visibility without spectral filtering. Moreover, we demonstrate a simultaneous correction of the central wavelength mismatch of ±1.1\pm1.1±1.1 nm, while maintaining the non-classical interference visibility. This result opens the possibility to efficiently integrate quantum systems operating at different time scales for hybrid quantum communication, teleportation, entanglement swapping, distributed sensing, and hybrid quantum computing.
For the realization of a hybrid quantum network, an efficient spectral mode matching between dissimilar photon sources is quintessential. With nonlinear frequency conversion it has already been shown it is possible to match central frequencies [1], but not spectral bandwidth. Previous experiments relied on passive filtering for bandwidth matching [2], [3] and were suffering from too high loss rates to allow for an efficient information transfer and processing between different quantum light sources. Promising results in spectral bandwidth conversion of quantum light have been shown by a phase-only reshaping approach using electro-optic time lensing [4], [5]. In close analogy to a thin lens in space, first a quadratic spectral phaseϕ\phiϕis applied, followed by, an again quadratic, temporal phaseφ\varphiφ. By choosing the right collimation condition,ϕ=φ−1\phi=\varphi^{-1}ϕ=φ−1, compression (or expansion) is achieved in spectral width [6]. By this active reshaping of the spectral-temporal wave packet, for a quantum light source in telecom wavelength a compression factor of about 50 has already been shown [5].
Spectral-temporal modes of quantum light have been recognized as a promising platform for quantum information processing (QIP) and metrology [1], [2]. However, a simple general tool for efficient conversion between spectral-temporal modes is still missing. A phase-only, i.e. in-principle lossless, approach is required for quantum light. The existing phase-only approaches for converting a given input spectral-temporal mode to a given target spectral-temporal mode rely on sequences of complex temporal phase modulations interleaved with propagation in second order dispersive medium, yielding complex setups with often formidable insertion losses. Here we show that such a transformation can be carried out by a single application of a complex temporal phase modulation, and a single application of complex spectral phase modulation.
Long-distance transmission of quantum information between various systems, such as single-photon sources, quantum memories or matter-based quantum information processing units is hampered by disparate spectral-temporal properties of photons that can be efficiently emitted or absorbed by such systems. Quantum frequency conversion, i.e. low noise nonlinear optical frequency conversion, is an established method to address photon central frequency distinguishability. However, it does not address the issue of single-photon spectral bandwidth and timescale variations, which can range from single picoseconds to hundreds of nanoseconds.
We experimentally demonstrate shaping of the two-photon wave function of entangled-photon pairs, utilizing coherent pulse-shaping techniques. By performing spectral-phase manipulations we tailor the second-order correlation function of the photons exactly like a coherent ultrashort pulse. To observe the shaping we perform sum-frequency generation with an ultrahigh flux of entangled photons. At the appropriate conditions, sum-frequency generation performs as a coincidence detector with an ultrashort response time (approximately 100 fs), enabling a direct observation of the two-photon wave function. This property also enables us to demonstrate background-free, high-visibility two-photon interference oscillations.