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Quantum 2.0 Conference and Exhibition

High-Efficiency Free-Space Coupling from Diamond Microdisks for Scalable Spin-Photon Interfaces

Siavash Mirzaei-Ghormish, J. Bennet, Ryan M. Camacho

Published Jan 1, 2025• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We present a dual-layer grating perturbation design integrated with a microdisk resonator. This design achieves vertical emissions with 95% Gaussian far-field overlap and 97% collection efficiency at the numerical aperture of 0.7. Using a dipole approximation method, we optimize the design for scalable quantum networks.
DOI
10.1364/quantum.2025.qw3a.21

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We propose and optimize a vertically-loaded diamond microdisk resonator (VLDMoRt) coupled to a nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond for efficient collection of zero-phonon-line emission into low numerical aperture (NA) free-space modes. The VLDMoRt achieves a Purcell enhancement of 172 with 39% of the emitted light collected within a NA of 0.6, leading to a total external spin-photon collection efficiency of 0.33. As the design is compatible with established nanofabrication techniques and couples to low-NA modes accessible by cryogenic free-space optical systems, it is a promising platform for efficient spin-photon interfaces based on diamond quantum emitters.
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Spin-photon interfaces, realized by coupling optically active spin systems to photonic cavities, are essential for quantum networking and quantum information processing. Implementing such an interface for polarization-encoded photons requires a cavity that supports arbitrary polarization, provides efficient optical access through its far-field mode, and maintains sufficiently high quality factors to enable high cooperativity with the system's optical transitions. However, inherent trade-offs between the Q-factor and far-field emission mode make the simultaneous optimization of these parameters toward the realization of spin-photon interfaces challenging. In this work, we implement a gradient-based inverse-design framework using guided-mode expansion with automatic differentiation to obtain the geometrical features of a circular ring cavity that supports arbitrary polarization while simultaneously optimizing the cavity quality factor and far-field mode profile. The resulting optimized non-periodic cavity achieves a quality factor of approximately 9,0009,0009,000, about an order-of-magnitude higher than that of a periodic ("bullseye") cavity while preserving a Gaussian-like far-field emission pattern. Furthermore, by varying the cavity geometry within a ±6\pm 6±6 nm fabrication tolerance, we demonstrate the robustness of the design against fabrication errors and identify the innermost ring width and central disk radius as the parameters with the greatest impact on the quality factor and far-field mode. These results establish guided mode expansion-based inverse design as a powerful and computationally efficient approach for developing high-cooperativity spin-photon interfaces for quantum photonic applications.