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Iran Workshop on Communication and Information Theory (IWCIT)

Performance Evaluation of Tdma Based Quantum Passive Optical Networks

Amir Mohammad Yaghoobianzadeh, Jawad A. Salehi

Published May 6, 2025• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In this paper, we explore the time-division multipleaccess passive optical networks (PON) through the lens of quantum light signals. We investigate the optimal quantum receiver for various quantum light signals and delve into the fundamental constraints imposed by their quantum nature. This paper evaluates the optimal error probability for the Fock (number) and coherent (Glauber) states. We demonstrated that under the low-loss condition, the error probability of the Fock quantum passive optical network (QPON) can surpass the coherent QPON. Furthermore, we investigated the power splitter/combiner channel, which is the main element in a PON, from the quantum viewpoint using the scattering matrix formalism.

DOI
10.1109/iwcit67595.2025.11073002

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In this paper, we explore the time-division multipleaccess passive optical networks (PON) through the lens of quantum light signals. We investigate the optimal quantum receiver for various quantum light signals and delve into the fundamental constraints imposed by their quantum nature. This paper evaluates the optimal error probability for the Fock (number) and coherent (Glauber) states. We demonstrated that under the low-loss condition, the error probability of the Fock quantum passive optical network (QPON) can surpass the coherent QPON. Furthermore, we investigated the power splitter/combiner channel, which is the main element in a PON, from the quantum viewpoint using the scattering matrix formalism.
In this paper, we explore the general principles of time-division multiple-access passive optical networks (PON) through the lens of quantum light signals. We investigate the optimal quantum receiver for various quantum light signals and delve into the fundamental constraints imposed by their quantum nature. This paper evaluates the optimal error probability for the Fock, coherent and phase-randomized coherent states. Furthermore, we investigated the power splitter/combiner channel, which is the main element in a PON, from the quantum viewpoint using the scattering matrix formalism. We demonstrated that under the low-loss condition, the error probability of the Fock quantum passive optical network (QPON) can surpass the coherent QPON.
This paper provides an analysis of the performance of different passive optical network (PON) topologies for the distribution of multiuser quantum keys using subcarrier multiplexing and the Bennet-Brassard (BB84) protocol. PON topologies are evaluated in terms of the achievable quantum bit error rate (QBER) and the useful key rate. Results show that wavelength routed (WR) networks outperform broadcast topologies as the first are not subject to division losses. Within WR architecture the star configuration is the most efficient in terms of network scalability, maximum reachable distance and maximum useful distribution rate. The effect of subcarrier modulation index on the network performance has also been considered showing a similar and non significant impact for the range considered in this paper.
Fiber-based quantum key distribution (QKD) systems are mature and commercialized, but their integration into existing optical networks is crucial for their widespread use, in particular in passive optical networks (PONs) if end-to-end quantum-secured communications are to be addressed. While discrete-variable QKD coexistence with classical channels is well-studied in point-to-point links, its performance in point-to-multipoint topologies like PONs has received less attention. We thus developed a numerical tool to estimate quantum-available bandwidth and maximum link lengths for QKD systems in single-fiber PON architectures in coexistence with GPON, XG-PON, NG-PON2, and HS-PON standards. The QKD channel performance is obtained by setting thresholds on the quantum bit error rate and the secret key rate, ultimately limited by spontaneous Raman scattering noise and high optical distribution network losses. We perform a comparison between the performance obtained assuming the asymptotic infinite-key generation rate or taking into account actual implementations in the finite-key regime. We evidence that proper design rules can be obtained as a function of both classical and quantum system parameters to support end-to-end quantum security services in existing optical networks.
Introduction: Continuous-variable quantum teleportation and entanglement distribution are fundamental building blocks for future quantum internet infrastructures. Quantum passive optical networks (QPONs) provide a promising architecture for scalable multi-user quantum communication by exploiting the mature passive optical network infrastructure. Materials and methods: We develop a theoretical framework for continuous-variable entanglement distribution and quantum teleportation in QPONs using two-mode squeezed vacuum states propagating through splitter–combiner–loss channels. Both downlink and uplink architectures are investigated under assisted and non-assisted protocols. The performance is analyzed using covariance matrix formalism, logarithmic negativity, and teleportation fidelity, and closed-form analytical expressions are derived together with numerical evaluations. Results: The analysis demonstrates that downlink entanglement distribution consistently outperforms the uplink architecture in terms of both logarithmic negativity and teleportation fidelity except in noise-less channels. Assisted protocols further enhance the achievable performance compared with non-assisted schemes. We derive the optimum squeezing parameter for non-assisted teleportation, showing that excessive squeezing may become detrimental because of network loss and splitting. Numerical results quantify the effects of network size, transmission distance, channel excess noise, detector imperfections, and measurement-added noise on entanglement distribution and teleportation performance. Also, we have showed that the time-division multiple-access is the preferred scheduling scheme between the users. Conclusions: The proposed framework establishes fundamental performance limits for continuous-variable QPONs and identifies practical design guidelines for scalable quantum access networks. The results demonstrate the advantages of downlink entanglement distribution and assisted teleportation, providing theoretical support for the development of future multi-user quantum communication and quantum internet infrastructures.
The integration of quantum key distribution (QKD) into passive optical networks (PONs) poses new challenges due to the specific characteristics of the access network, as the high losses from passive splitters and the spontaneous Raman scattering noise generated by classical channels co-propagating in the same optical fiber. In this paper, different QKD technologies and implementations are compared, taking into account both discrete-variable and continuous-variable QKD systems to maximize the achievable secret key rate performance in single-fiber bidirectional PONs.