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Universal Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Characterizing Quantum Communication Networks: An Optimal Control Technique Performance Enhancement Investigation

Friday Oodee Philip-Kpae, Lloyd Endurance Ogbondamati, Kingsley Theophilus Igulu

Published Jun 1, 2025• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Quantum key distribution (QKD) relies on the precise control and optimization of quantum states for enhanced secure communication. This study focuses on optimizing quantum state evolution through external control fields while minimizing decoherence and energy consumption. The key challenge addressed in this research is the trade-off between achieving high fidelity in quantum state transitions while reducing the environmental loss impact, which significantly affect QKD performance. The study employs a mathematical framework based on the quantum master equation, incorporating system Hamiltonians, control Hamiltonians, and loss functions to model quantum state evolution. Optimization is achieved using an optimal control functional that balances fidelity and energy consumption. Additionally, key generation rate maximization, quantum error correction strategies, and channel loss modeling are incorporated to enhance QKD efficiency. Numerical simulations evaluate the secure key generation rate, error mitigation, and fidelity of quantum states over time. Results demonstrate that at an initial quantum state value of 0.50, the system undergoes an oscillatory decay, stabilizing near zero at t=10, indicating the impact of decoherence. Secure key generation analysis reveals that with an error rate of 0.1, the key rate is maximized at 0.72, but declines sharply to nearly zero when the error rate exceeds 0.5. Fidelity measurements indicate an exponential decline, starting at 1.0 at T=0T = 0 and reducing to approximately 0.61 at T=50T = 50 and 0.37 at T=100T = 100, reflecting the challenges of maintaining quantum coherence. Error correction strategies successfully mitigate errors, achieving a quantum error correction rate of nearly 99% in optimal conditions. The findings support policies aimed at enhancing quantum communication reliability by emphasizing robust error correction methods, efficient energy management, and adaptive control strategies to counteract decoherence. Future work should explore real-time adaptive optimization frameworks to further enhance QKD performance under varying noise conditions.

DOI
10.13189/ujeee.2025.120101

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Quantum key distribution (QKD) relies on the precise control and optimization of quantum states for enhanced secure communication. This study focuses on optimizing quantum state evolution through external control fields while minimizing decoherence and energy consumption. The key challenge addressed in this research is the trade-off between achieving high fidelity in quantum state transitions while reducing the environmental loss impact, which significantly affect QKD performance. The study employs a mathematical framework based on the quantum master equation, incorporating system Hamiltonians, control Hamiltonians, and loss functions to model quantum state evolution. Optimization is achieved using an optimal control functional that balances fidelity and energy consumption. Additionally, key generation rate maximization, quantum error correction strategies, and channel loss modeling are incorporated to enhance QKD efficiency. Numerical simulations evaluate the secure key generation rate, error mitigation, and fidelity of quantum states over time. Results demonstrate that at an initial quantum state value of 0.50, the system undergoes an oscillatory decay, stabilizing near zero at t=10, indicating the impact of decoherence. Secure key generation analysis reveals that with an error rate of 0.1, the key rate is maximized at 0.72, but declines sharply to nearly zero when the error rate exceeds 0.5. Fidelity measurements indicate an exponential decline, starting at 1.0 at T=0T = 0 and reducing to approximately 0.61 at T=50T = 50 and 0.37 at T=100T = 100, reflecting the challenges of maintaining quantum coherence. Error correction strategies successfully mitigate errors, achieving a quantum error correction rate of nearly 99% in optimal conditions. The findings support policies aimed at enhancing quantum communication reliability by emphasizing robust error correction methods, efficient energy management, and adaptive control strategies to counteract decoherence. Future work should explore real-time adaptive optimization frameworks to further enhance QKD performance under varying noise conditions.
This paper investigates the optimization of distributed quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols with a focus on resilience enhancement. The core claim centers around improving both the security and efficiency of key distribution by strategically incorporating redundancy and error correction mechanisms. The proposed approach leverages the unique characteristics of quantum communication protocols, specifically utilizing redundant quantum channels and advanced error-correcting codes to achieve robust key exchange. The method addresses the limitations of existing QKD protocols in the face of channel noise and potential eavesdropping attacks. Mathematical models are presented to illustrate the key concepts and design choices. The optimization strategy is designed to maximize key rates while simultaneously mitigating the impact of channel imperfections, ultimately leading to more secure and reliable quantum key distribution systems. This work provides a theoretical framework for resilient QKD, offering a foundation for future implementations and further research in this critical field.
This paper investigates the optimization of Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) protocols leveraging the principles of quantum coherence draining. The core claim centers on utilizing the inherent properties of coherence draining to enhance key generation efficiency and overall security within QKD systems. The proposed mechanism involves the design of quantum gate circuits predicated on coherence draining, enabling efficient key generation and error correction, alongside a rigorous study of the impact of these draining characteristics on protocol security. The research addresses the need for improved QKD performance and robust security by exploring novel approaches to managing decoherence, a significant limitation in current QKD implementations. This work contributes to a deeper understanding of coherence draining's potential role in shaping more effective and secure quantum communication systems. Specifically, the investigation includes analyzing different decoherence models and their corresponding mitigation strategies within the framework of optimized QKD protocols. The core objective is to demonstrate a quantifiable improvement in key generation rate and security margins through strategic application of coherence draining techniques. ---
This paper investigates optimal information encoding and decoding strategies within quantum networks. The core aim is to enhance information transmission efficiency and security by leveraging principles from information theory and quantum information theory. We analyze various encoding and decoding schemes, quantifying their performance using key metrics such as channel capacity and quantum bit error rate (QBER). This work focuses on identifying strategies that maximize the fidelity of quantum information transfer, considering the inherent challenges posed by quantum noise and decoherence. The proposed strategies incorporate adaptive coding techniques and error correction protocols tailored to specific network topologies and noise characteristics. Ultimately, this research contributes to the development of more robust and efficient quantum networks, a critical component of future quantum communication systems.
This paper investigates the optimization of Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) protocols based on quantum decoherence. The core claim is to enhance key generation rates and security through intelligent protocol parameter tuning. Leveraging machine learning algorithms, we analyze the impact of decoherence noise, aiming to improve key generation efficiency and security. The proposed approach represents a novel application of machine learning within QKD, offering a significant pathway towards improved key distribution performance. We present a framework for adaptive parameter control, demonstrating the potential for substantial gains in key rates and robustness against decoherence effects. The research focuses on theoretical optimization, without experimental validation, providing a robust mathematical framework for understanding and improving current QKD protocols. The key performance metrics considered are key generation rate (R), Bit Error Rate (BER), and security level (Φ). The work contributes to the field by outlining a systematic methodology for utilizing machine learning to tackle the inherent challenges of decoherence in QKD systems. ---
Abstract This research investigates the optimization of quantum key distribution for secure quantum communication. The paper conducts a systematic analysis of quantum error rates, transmission time, error correction rates, and the correlation between distance, time, and noise in quantum communication systems. The results reveal an inverse relationship between transmission time and distance, and demonstrate that quantum error rates are dependent on quantum noise. The research presents improved formulations for calculating the probability of success in quantum systems, taking into account the dynamic nature of success in quantum communication processes. The findings have significant implications for optimizing quantum communication channels and providing insights into strategies for enhancing reliability and mitigating errors. The article presents a new approach to classical cryptography that incorporates dynamic vulnerability scores that adapt to advancements in quantum computing. It addresses various challenges in quantum communication, such as signal strength, channel losses, regeneration criteria, and the placement of quantum repeaters. Additionally, the research introduces multi‐dimensional metrics for evaluating risks in quantum communication cybersecurity, laying the groundwork for future advancements. This paper improves understanding of quantum communication, cryptography, and cybersecurity, providing a strong foundation for future research and practical applications.
Quantum communications enable secure key transmission and entanglement distribution, but their rates and maximum transmission distances are limited due to the losses and noise introduced by quantum channels. Various techniques have been developed to address these limitations, tailored to the platform and the nature of the decoherence. In this thesis, we explore ways to enhance the performance of quantum communications, with a particular focus on increasing the key rates and transmission distances in quantum key distribution (QKD), a method that leverages quantum mechanics to securely share keys between trusted parties. Additionally, we aim to improve the purity of entangled states shared between two parties, contributing to broader advancements in quantum communications. We begin by introducing a software-enhanced continuous-variable QKD (CV-QKD) protocol, where keys are encoded onto the phase and amplitude degrees of the optical field. This protocol enhances both transmission distance and key rates through a post-selection method employing arbitrary filters, experimentally demonstrated on two different platforms. Its adaptability makes it highly promising, as it can be implemented on existing CV-QKD platforms and dynamically optimises key rates for rapidly changing channels. We then present a protocol for the pure-loss channel leveraging quantum repeaters to mitigate the channel losses by segmenting the total communication distance into smaller, more manageable intervals. This repeater-like protocol introduces a more efficient entanglement-swapping measurement at the repeater station than the state-of-the-art twin-field protocols. Instead of polarisation encoding, our protocol relies on encoding keys in the photon-number basis, optimising the states to achieve the highest key rates for each distance. Notably, this protocol shows strong potential for improving long-distance quantum communication by surpassing the capacity of the direct communication channel at a shorter distance than the existing repeater protocols such as twin-field QKD while achieving an overall higher transmission distance. Finally, in this thesis, we demonstrate that for the Pauli-dephasing channel, placing a node in the middle of the quantum channel to perform a Bell-state measurement as an entanglement-swapping operation does not result in improved key rates, even with reduced decoherence. As a result, we propose an entanglement purification protocol that refines a larger set of noisy entangled states into a smaller set of high-fidelity ones using local operations and classical communication. This purification protocol builds upon earlier purification methods, extending their application from two Bell pairs to any number of Bell pairs and thereby achieving the capacity of the dephasing channel. Through numerous recursive iterations, it produces near-perfect Bell pairs, making it well-suited for quantum repeaters and correcting dephasing errors in quantum computers.