Theoretically, if electrons in the orbit of an element’s atoms were to orbit faster than light, there might be emission of Cerenkov radiation, and that element propagates into the past. As it seems practically impossible to make electrons orbit the atoms in an element faster than light, one considers tunneling. It is known that electrons that tunnel, according to Gunter Nimtz, propagate faster than light. If one can achieve continuous tunneling of electrons through a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID), faster than light might achieve this. But the properties of tunneling electrons become virtual particles, non-local, faster than light, and invisible would be magnified in a SQUID.
Theoretically, if electrons in the orbit of an element’s atoms were to orbit faster than light, there might be emission of Cerenkov radiation, and that element propagates into the past. As it seems practically impossible to make electrons orbit the atoms in an element faster than light, one considers tunneling. It is known that electrons that tunnel, according to Gunter Nimtz, propagate faster than light. If one can achieve continuous tunneling of electrons through a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID), faster than light might achieve this. But the properties of tunneling electrons become virtual particles, non-local, faster than light, and invisible would be magnified in a SQUID.
Abstract Zero tunneling time and thereby a faster than light traversal velocity was calculated nearly a hundred years ago and has been observed recently. We report about experimental results and estimations, which confirm the zero time tunneling for elastic as well as for electromagnetic and Schrödinger waves. Zero time tunneling was first observed with microwaves 1992 (H. Aichmann and G. Nimtz, Found. Phys., vol. 44, p. 678, 2014; A. Enders and G. Nimtz, J. Phys. I, vol. 2, p. 169, 1992). In 2008, zero time was also observed for tunneling electrons (P. Eckle, A. N. Pfeiffer, C. Cirelli, et al., Science, vol. 322, p. 1525, 2008). Presumably, this effect took place with atoms quite recently (R. Ramos, D. Spierings, I. Racicot, and A. M. Steinberg, Nature, vol. 583, p. 529, 2020). The Einstein relation E 2 = (ħk)2 c 2 is not satisfied in the tunneling process, since the wave number k is imaginary (E is the total energy, ħ the Planck constant, and c the vacuum velocity of light), Zero time tunneling is described by virtual photons (A. Stahlhofen and G. Nimtz, Europhys. Lett., vol. 76, p. 189, 2006). The tunneling process itself violates the Special Theory of Relativity. Remarkably, Brillouin conjectured that wave mechanics is valid for all waves independent of their field (L. Brillouin, Wave Propagation in Periodic Structures, Chap. VIII, New York, Dover Publications, 1953).
Photonic tunnelling experiments have shown that i) the Einstein energy relation is violated, ii) the tunnelling process is non‐local, iii) the signal velocity is faster than light, i.e. superluminal, iv) the tunnelling signal is not observable, since photonic tunnelling is described by virtual photons, and v) according to the experimental results the signal velocity is infinite inside the barriers, implying that tunnelling instantaneously acts at a distance. We think these properties are not compatible with the claims of many text books on Special Relativity, see for instance Refs. [1].
Abstract ‘Quantum matter’ describes how superconductors and superfluids can have properties like those found in the strange quantum world of atoms, electrons, and photons. In quantum theory, properties such as energy cannot have any possible value, but are quantized. Energy comes in discrete lumps. Particles can act like waves, be in more than one place at the same time, and interfere with themselves. The weirdness of quantum theory is captured in the paradox of Schrödinger’s cat, where quantum effects occur on the macroscopic scale. This is realized in a superconductor, where magnetic flux is quantized. Brian Josephson proposed an electrical circuit that is the basis for a Superconducting Quantum Interference Device (SQUID). These devices are of technological significance as they are used in quantum computing, and to make precise measurements of fundamental physical constants and of magnetic field strengths. SQUIDs are now used in metrology, the science of precise measurements, being the basis for the international standard for the volt, the unit of electrical voltage, and are used in quantum computing.
We prove that the classical Dirac equation in the presence of an external (nondynamical) electromagnetic field is a relativistically causal theory. As a corollary, we show that it is impossible to use quantum tunneling to transmit particles or information faster than light. When an electron tunnels through a barrier, it is bound to remain within its future light cone. In conclusion, the relativistic quantum tunneling (if modeled using the Dirac equation) is an entirely subluminal process, and it is not instantaneous.
The evanescent states are common in the electro-magnetic environments,it's basic feature is the field strength decrease according to the exponential law from orginal position to far away.The electro-magnetic waves propagate through the reactive medium are common situations,corresponding wave propagation in the guided wave modes,dispersion mediums,and the ionic gases.In 1897,Lord Rayleigh's calculation predicated the evanescent states appear to propagate in rectangular metal waveguides.In order to analyze the phenomenon of waveguide below cut-off(WBCO),it seems that the evanescent states have a imaginary wave vector(a imaginary wave number).And so,we can say it is like a standing wave,the variation of field occurs in every position simultaneously,this means that they do not experience a phase shift in propagate direction.But the behaviour of WBCO was a bit strange,sometimes the phase constant β is negative,then in THz experiments the pulse delay is negative.Although the phase velocity of waveguide to be superluminal is well-known,the theoretical discussion does not explain why the phase velocity and the phase refractive index becomes negative.In quantum mechanics(QM),in barrier the evanescent states also have a imaginary wave parame-ter.This state can be explained by the Schrdinger equation,it is analogy with the Helmholtz equation in classical electro-magnetic theory.In practice,quantum tunnelling is the most popular physical process,it can be observed in many cases: the propagation of the graded index optical fiber,the two glass prisms of Bose experiment,etc.In scientist's opinion,to defy the light-speed limit is possible;for example,photons tunnel across a gap between two prisms yet arrive at same time as reflected photons that travelled a shorter distance,that means an ultra-fast transit between the two prisms:so much faster than the speed of light.As well-known,we are used the virtual particles in microscopic interaction processes since R.Feynman,but now we perhaps demonstrated here an example in the macroscopic range of a meter since G.Nimtz's experiment.