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The Journal of Supercomputing

Quantum-resilient security for 6G networks: a comprehensive survey on challenges, solutions, and research opportunities

Minji Kim, Jong Hyuk Park

Published Jun 28, 2025• 7 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1007/s11227-025-07544-9

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As the world prepares for the advent of 6G networks, quantum technologies are becoming critical enablers of the next generation of communication systems. This survey paper investigates the convergence of quantum technologies and 6G networks, focusing on their applications, opportunities and challenges. We begin with an examination of the motivations for integrating quantum technologies into 6G, investigating the potential to overcome the limits of classical computing and cryptography. We then highlight key research gaps, particularly in quantum communication, quantum computing integration and security enhancement. A comprehensive overview of quantum technologies relevant to 6G, including quantum communication devices, quantum computing paradigms, and hybrid quantum-classical approaches is provided. A particular focus is on the role of quantum technologies in enhancing 6G Radio Access Networks (RAN), 6G core and edge network optimization, and 6G security. The survey paper also explores the application of quantum cryptography with a focus on Quantum Key Distribution (QKD), Quantum Secure Direct Communication (QSDC) and quantum-resistant cryptographic algorithms and assesses their implementation challenges and potential impact on 6G networks. We also discuss the significant challenges associated with integrating quantum technologies into existing communications infrastructures, including issues of technological maturity, standardization, and economic considerations. Finally, we summarize the lessons learned from current research and outline future research directions to guide the ongoing development of quantum-enabled 6G networks.
The Internet of Things (IoT) drives an exponential surge in computing and communication devices. Consequently, it triggers capacity, coverage, interference, latency, and security issues in the existing communication networks. The forthcoming sixth-generation (6G) networks will address these issues by providing comprehensive solutions. In particular, quantum communication technology can potentially address the challenges of 6G networks. However, its implementation requires substantial infrastructure upgrades. Therefore, the quantum-inspired (QI) techniques offer an intermediate resort due to their ability to utilize the classical communication infrastructure for design and implementation. Hence, we review QI techniques in this survey that address radio resource optimization challenges across various communication aspects, including channel assignment, reconfigurable intelligent surfaces, spectrum sensing, uncrewed aerial vehicle-assisted networks, and related areas. The analysis explores diverse aspects, including objectives, constraints, problem characterization, proposed solutions, and lessons learnt. Research indicates that QI techniques offer advantages such as faster convergence and reduced complexity, providing promising solutions to complex optimization problems in communication networks. Furthermore, we identify the future directions, research gaps, and ongoing challenges from the QI radio resource optimization dataset.