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Physical review. B./Physical review. B

Optical spectroscopy evidence of a second-order Mott phase transition

Ariano De Giovanni Rodrigues, A. Perucchi, Luca Tomarchio, Marine Verseils, Paraskevas Parisiades, Benoı̂t Baptiste, Keevin Béneut, Edmondo Gilioli, Stefano Lupi, Andrea Gauzzi

Published Jun 26, 2025• 0 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1103/zxht-ls6r

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An exotic phase, the bond order wave, characterized by the spontaneous dimerization of the hopping, has been predicted to exist sandwiched between the band and Mott insulators in systems described by the ionic Hubbard model. Despite growing theoretical evidence, this phase still evades experimental detection. Given the recent realization of the ionic Hubbard model in ultracold atomic gases, we propose here to detect the bond order wave using superlattice modulation spectroscopy. We demonstrate, with the help of time-dependent density-matrix renormalization group and bosonization, that this spectroscopic approach reveals characteristics of both the Ising and Kosterlitz-Thouless transitions signaling the presence of the bond order wave phase. This scheme also provides insights into the excitation spectra of both the band and Mott insulators.
We study, using quantum Monte Carlo (QMC) simulations, the ground state properties of spin-1 bosons trapped in a square optical lattice. The phase diagram is characterized by the mobility of the particles (Mott insulating or superfluid phase) and by their magnetic properties. For ferromagnetic on-site interactions, the whole phase diagram is ferromagnetic and the Mott insulators-superfluid phase transitions are second order. For antiferromagnetic on-site interactions, spin nematic order is found in the odd Mott lobes and in the superfluid phase. Furthermore, the superfluid-insulator phase transition is first or second order depending on whether the density in the Mott is even or odd. Inside the even Mott lobes we observe a singlet-to-nematic transition for certain values of the interactions. This transition appears to be first order.
Different insulator phases compete with each other in strongly correlated materials with simultaneous local and non-local interactions. It is known that the homogeneous Mott insulator converts into a charge density wave (CDW) phase when the non-local interactions are increased, but there is ongoing debate on whether and in which parameter regimes this transition is of first order, or of second order with an intermediate bond-order wave phase. Here we show that strong-field optics applied to an extended Fermi-Hubbard system can serve as a powerful tool to reveal the nature of the quantum phase transition. Specifically, we show that in the strongly interacting regime characteristic excitations such as excitons, biexcitons, excitonic strings, and charge droplets can be tracked by the non-linear optical response to an ultrafast and intense laser pulse. Subcycle analysis of high harmonic spectra unravels the ultrafast dynamics of these increasingly complex objects, which partially escape the scrutiny of linear optics. Their appearance in the high harmonic spectrum provides striking evidence of a first-order transition into the CDW phase, and makes a strong case for using strong-field optics as a powerful tool to reveal the nature of quasiparticles in strongly correlated matter, and to track the electron dynamics during a first-order quantum phase transition.