The conventional interpretation of electron orbitals as probability clouds has been central to quantum mechanics. However, this paper proposes a novel framework in which electron orbitals are holographic planes defined by the fine-structure constant and relativistic principles. This holographic interpretation provides a deterministic yet flexible description of quantum behaviour, linking the electron's unique spacetime geometry to its interaction with the electromagnetic field. The model explains quantized energy levels, spectral line structures, and interference phenomena while aligning with relativity. The implications for quantum mechanics and the unification of physics are profound, offering testable predictions. Keywords Electron orbitals; Probability clouds; Quantum mechanics; Holographic planes; Relativistic principles
The conventional interpretation of electron orbitals as probability clouds has been central to quantum mechanics. However, this paper proposes a novel framework in which electron orbitals are holographic planes defined by the fine-structure constant and relativistic principles. This holographic interpretation provides a deterministic yet flexible description of quantum behaviour, linking the electron's unique spacetime geometry to its interaction with the electromagnetic field. The model explains quantized energy levels, spectral line structures, and interference phenomena while aligning with relativity. The implications for quantum mechanics and the unification of physics are profound, offering testable predictions. Keywords Electron orbitals; Probability clouds; Quantum mechanics; Holographic planes; Relativistic principles
Photons, the fundamental quanta of light, are widely recognized as carriers of energy and mediators of electromagnetic interactions. This paper proposes that photons also encode the "address" of quantum interactions within the holographic plane, providing a mechanism for coordinating quantum phenomena across space time. Building on the framework presented in Emergent Universe from Many Unreal World Interpretation, this hypothesis suggests that photons function as messengers of spatial and informational coordinates, offering new interpretations of wave function collapse, quantum entanglement, and delayed-choice experiments. This approach integrates the holographic principle with quantum mechanics, potentially bridging two foundational theories of modern physics. Keywords Photons; Quanta of light; Energy carriers; Electromagnetic interactions; Quantum interactions
This work presents a structural interpretation of the electron in which its fundamental properties—charge, spin, and interaction—are derived from coherence structure rather than introduced as intrinsic postulates. The electron is described as a stable resonance configuration within a coherence-based field framework, allowing a unified physical interpretation of electromagnetic interaction, electron correlation, and atomic structure. A key aspect of the model is that the electron is not fully confined to three-dimensional space, but extends along an internal coherence dimension. Observable behavior is interpreted as a projection of this deeper structure, providing a structural basis for delocalization, tunneling, and orbital formation. Within this framework, charge arises from asymmetry in lateral coherence, while spin is understood as an internal phase-topological property. Electron–electron interaction is described in terms of coherence interference, offering a structural explanation for repulsion, pairing, and exclusion behavior. Electromagnetic phenomena are interpreted as coherence dynamics: fields correspond to continuous structure, while photons are treated as localized propagating excitations. This provides a unified but differentiated description of electromagnetic interaction. The framework is consistent with established theoretical descriptions while providing a physically interpretable basis for electron structure and its role in electromagnetism and atomic systems. It aims to clarify conceptual foundations rather than replace existing predictive models, and establishes a basis for further work in atomic structure and chemical behavior.
The mainstream interpretation of quantum mechanics adopts the probability cloud interpretation to describe the motion of extranuclear electrons. It denies the continuous real orbit of electrons, attributes atomic magnetic moment to the intrinsic property of particles, and explains atomic spectra as traceless spontaneous energy level transitions of electrons. It presupposes that atoms can only absorb photons with energy strictly equal to the energy level difference. Based on the unified physical framework of the Light Source Theory, this paper demonstrates that extranuclear electrons have stable and continuous real orbits of revolution. The centripetal force of the electron orbit is dominated by Coulomb attraction, and gravitational force at atomic scale is negligible. The centripetal force is always perpendicular to the instantaneous motion direction of the electron and does not do work. Only mutual conversion between kinetic energy and electric potential energy inside the system occurs on the elliptical orbit, and there is no spontaneous radiation loss in steady revolution. The constraint for an atom to absorb a photon is that the polarization angle of the photon matches the polarization orientation of the electron orbit, and there is no requirement for the photon energy to correspond to the energy level difference. As long as the polarization matches, photons of any energy can be absorbed. Low energy photons can be absorbed multiple times to accumulate energy gradually, and high energy photons can also be absorbed once to raise the stored energy directly. The orbit adjusts continuously with the change of energy. When the accumulated energy reaches the inherent energy level limit of the atomic system, the original orbit configuration can no longer bear higher stored energy, and the atom releases characteristic photons with fixed energy to form discrete spectra. There is no one to one energy equivalence relationship between absorbed photons and emitted photons, which is the core reason why atomic spectra can be observed and distinguished from background light in the environment. The magnetic field of permanent magnets and the magnetization of materials originate from the directional orbital revolution of electrons. The probability cloud and traceless transition are only mathematical fitting schemes adapted to spectral data rather than physical reality. This interpretation has inherent contradictions such as unexplainable origin of magnetic field, equivalent superluminal transition and Coulomb gravitational collapse. Macroscopic and microscopic phenomena follow unified causal laws, and there are no special motion rules exclusive to quantum systems. Atoms present a spherical three dimensional structure. Extranuclear electrons revolve three dimensionally in spherical space under the three force balance of Coulomb force inertia effect and magnetic force which are perpendicular to each other in pairs. If there is no real orbit, magnetic force has no source of generation, and electrons can only move in a single plane, which cannot explain the spherical shape of atoms. This constitutes an important question to the probability cloud interpretation.
The electronic transition energies from the electron clouds are the same as predicted by the Bohr model. The hydrogen atom, most probable radius of the first quantum mechanical electron cloud is identical to the radius of the first Bohr orbit. The quantum mechanical description goes much further, however. Not only does it predict a series of increasingly larger spherical electron clouds, but other electron cloud series as well. Because of their three dimensional shapes, these electron clouds sometimes are said to describe space states. The analogy to planetary orbits ends when we grasp the fact that quantum mechanical electron clouds are three-dimensional, where a Bohr orbit would be a circle lying entirely in a plane. Quantum mechanics also predicts the ionization energy of the hydrogen atom.
In this paper, we extend the framework introduced in [1], which proposed a two-dimensional model of time as a means to reconcile relativistic invariance with quantum discreteness. Building on this foundation, we derive key principles of quantum theory such as the uncertainty and exclusion principles and also introduce a fourth postulate: “The probability of an event is the same in all inertial frames of reference (IFR), independent of the observer's position in space.” This postulate enables us also to derive the probability amplitude interference from a purely relativistic time-phase geometry. We show that trajectories in the two-dimensional time plane, governed by relativistic constraints and discrete frequency-phase dynamics, naturally give rise to quantized measurements and path-based superposition. Using the Mach-Zehnder interferometer as an illustrative case, we demonstrate that the square of the proper time trajectory corresponds to quantum probability and interference phenomena emerge from the structure of phase evolution in time. Our formulation also aligns with Feynman’s path integral framework, showing that quantum mechanics can be interpreted as a direct geometric consequence of extended relativistic principles.
This preprint presents a conceptual model—not a mathematical theory—of the electron as a rotating filament of spacetime: a "spacetime spaghetti" that spins, stretches, and tangles. The model offers a single, unified mechanism to explain fourteen long-standing puzzles in quantum mechanics, including wave-particle duality, wavefunction collapse, electron spin and g-factor, the double-slit experiment, the delayed-choice experiment, the Pauli exclusion principle, pair production and annihilation, photon emission, and the quantization of atomic energy levels. Core idea: The electron is not a point particle. It is a thin, rapidly rotating filament of spacetime. Its rotation—defined as spacetime torsion relative to the background fabric—creates an extended curvature well (the "cloud"). When energy is injected past a critical threshold, the filament contracts to its ground state, releasing a ripple in spacetime (the photon). This single mechanism naturally explains both wave-like and particle-like behavior. Important note: This is a conceptual framework under active development. The rigorous mathematical formulation and quantitative experimental predictions are not yet complete. The purpose of this preprint is to share the core ideas openly, establish intellectual priority, and invite collaboration from mathematicians and theoretical physicists. Testable predictions include: · A critical detector energy threshold in the double-slit experiment · A nonlinear deviation in electron interference patterns compared to photons · A critical time delay in delayed-choice experiments (temporal depth of the electron cloud) · Possible deviations from QED in strong-field regimes