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Education and Training in Optics and Photonics

Teaching the Foundations of Quantum Imaging Through Mach-Zehnder Interferometry

Dustin-Philipp Preissler, Timo Mappes, Maria Dienerowitz, Holger Cartarius

Published May 19, 2025• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Quantum imaging is an emerging field in quantum optics with a wide range of applications including microscopy, secure communication and medical imaging. To foster knowledge and attract public attention and understanding, these applications are of high interest for teaching and science communication. The field of quantum imaging in particular has an appealing goal, the transmission of images. Quantum imaging setups use single photon sources and detectors, which are hard to adjust, easily damaged, and yet expensive. However, the basic approach of quantum imaging methods can be explained in a much simpler way. We use a Mach-Zehnder interferometer with laser beams to demonstrate how to obtain the properties of the imaged object. The setup is highly stable and well-suited for student laboratory courses.

DOI
10.1109/etop64842.2025.11030714

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Quantum imaging is an emerging field in quantum optics with a wide range of applications including microscopy, secure communication and medical imaging. To foster knowledge and attract public attention and understanding, these applications are of high interest for teaching and science communication. The field of quantum imaging in particular has an appealing goal, the transmission of images. Quantum imaging setups use single photon sources and detectors, which are hard to adjust, easily damaged, and yet expensive. However, the basic approach of quantum imaging methods can be explained in a much simpler way. We use a Mach-Zehnder interferometer with laser beams to demonstrate how to obtain the properties of the imaged object. The setup is highly stable and well-suited for student laboratory courses.
Abstract The superposition states, allowed by quantum theory, are dramatically diverse with respect to classical states and represent the true quantum states. By using a Mach-Zehnder interferometer we experimentally show how a single photon in a polarization superposition state can produce interference. The experimental setup includes a strongly attenuated laser source, polarizing beam splitters, half-waveplates, polarizers and single-photon detectors. The experimental activity has been performed with high-school students and teachers in several different contexts.
Mach–Zehnder interferometers are commonly introduced in quantum mechanics instruction because they can be represented as two-state systems. With the availability of quantum computers in the cloud, we show how one can also simulate these experiments as perfect single-photon experiments, via quantum computer circuits. This simulation provides a great opportunity to bring quantum computation and single-quantum experiments into the physics classroom and to teach quantum computing via simulation rather than computer science-based algorithms.
Quantum imaging usually refers to imaging that takes advantage of quantum entanglement to obtain results beyond the classically achievable limits [1]. Various complex experimental setups are used to obtain quantum images, and even more complex experimental setups are used when the goal is to record and retrieve the phase information of the object. Classical holography offers the possibility to record and retrieve phase information from a hologram [2]. However, in low-light conditions, a major challenge is to record images with a high signal-to-noise ratio. Classical schemes [3]–[5], of course, do not aim to demonstrate the quantum properties of the experiments, and quantum schemes [6]–[8] rely on complex preparation of the light beam and do not necessarily provide an advantage for holographic imaging. To date, no simple quantum scheme with quantum advantage has been developed for low-light holographic imaging.