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Quantum Information Processing

Quantum gate control pulse optimization based on the Adam algorithm

Mengdi Yang, Yue Feng, Bo Lu, Hanshi Zhao, G.L. Ma, Lixin Wang

Published Jun 12, 2025• 4 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The efficient implementation of quantum computing is contingent upon high-fidelity quantum operations. Nevertheless, the fidelity of these operations is constrained by the precision of quantum system evolution control. The optimization of quantum control pulses is essential for improving the manipulation accuracy of superconducting qubits. Traditional optimization methods, including gradient descent and the gradient ascent pulse engineering algorithm, frequently encounter challenges such as slow convergence and susceptibility to local optima in pulse optimization problems. This study introduces an adaptive open-loop optimization algorithm based on the adaptive moment estimation (Adam) optimizer, capitalizing on the benefits of momentum and adaptive learning rate adjustments inherent in Adam. We conduct experimental analysis on the algorithm’s hyperparameters to achieve optimal solutions with a higher fidelity range at a faster convergence speed, effectively improving the fidelity and optimization efficiency of quantum gate operations. Through numerical simulations on the QuTiP platform, we validate the excellent performance of the Adam algorithm in quantum gate optimization. In optimizing the X and SWAP gates, its fidelity improved by 0.03% and 0.0016%, respectively, compared to the GRAPE algorithm. Compared to the CRAB method, the initial convergence speed of the Adam method increased fivefold, enabling it to achieve the target fidelity more rapidly. Future research will investigate closed-loop optimization strategies, utilizing feedback derived from the fidelity results of actual quantum computers to further augment quantum control performance

DOI
10.1007/s11128-025-04791-w

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The efficient implementation of quantum computing is contingent upon high-fidelity quantum operations. Nevertheless, the fidelity of these operations is constrained by the precision of quantum system evolution control. The optimization of quantum control pulses is essential for improving the manipulation accuracy of superconducting qubits. Traditional optimization methods, including gradient descent and the gradient ascent pulse engineering algorithm, frequently encounter challenges such as slow convergence and susceptibility to local optima in pulse optimization problems. This study introduces an adaptive open-loop optimization algorithm based on the adaptive moment estimation (Adam) optimizer, capitalizing on the benefits of momentum and adaptive learning rate adjustments inherent in Adam. We conduct experimental analysis on the algorithm’s hyperparameters to achieve optimal solutions with a higher fidelity range at a faster convergence speed, effectively improving the fidelity and optimization efficiency of quantum gate operations. Through numerical simulations on the QuTiP platform, we validate the excellent performance of the Adam algorithm in quantum gate optimization. In optimizing the X and SWAP gates, its fidelity improved by 0.03% and 0.0016%, respectively, compared to the GRAPE algorithm. Compared to the CRAB method, the initial convergence speed of the Adam method increased fivefold, enabling it to achieve the target fidelity more rapidly. Future research will investigate closed-loop optimization strategies, utilizing feedback derived from the fidelity results of actual quantum computers to further augment quantum control performance
This study investigates high-fidelity control methods for superconducting qubits, emphasizing their potential to address Africa’s unique technological challenges in healthcare, agriculture, and logistics. We systematically evaluate three pulse optimization techniques—Gaussian-shaped pulses, Gradient Ascent Pulse Engineering (GRAPE), and Chopped Random-Basis (CRAB)—for robust quantum gate operations through numerical simulations. CRAB emerges as the most balanced method, achieving high fidelity (0.927) with moderate computational overhead (9 seconds per optimization), making it suitable for resource-constrained environments. Gaussian pulses, while less computationally efficient, demonstrate exceptional noise resilience (1.000 fidelity under simulated decoherence), critical for maintaining coherence in imperfect hardware. GRAPE, though theoretically optimal, proves less practical due to its high computational demand (≥30 seconds) and sensitivity to initial conditions. These results highlight the adaptability of advanced quantum control techniques to settings with limited infrastructure, provided they are tailored to local constraints. The study also identifies key implementation barriers, including the need for cryogenic facilities and specialized expertise, while proposing modular quantum research hubs as a scalable solution. By benchmarking these methods against real-world African technological priorities—such as drug discovery optimization, crop yield prediction, and supply chain logistics—we demonstrate how quantum-enhanced solutions could leapfrog classical limitations. Our findings underscore the urgency of localized quantum research investments to bridge the global technological divide, with pulse optimization serving as a foundational tool for Africa’s emerging quantum ecosystem. This work provides a roadmap for adapting quantum control strategies to diverse socioeconomic contexts while maintaining scientific rigor.
This study explores high-fidelity control methods for superconducting qubits, focusing on their potential applications in addressing technological challenges in Africa. We evaluate three pulse optimization techniques—Gaussian-shaped pulses, Gradient Ascent Pulse Engineering (GRAPE), and Chopped Random-Basis (CRAB)—for achieving robust quantum gate operations. Through numerical simulations, CRAB emerges as the most balanced approach, delivering high fidelity (0.927) with moderate computational cost (9 seconds), while Gaussian pulses demonstrate superior noise resilience (1.000 fidelity under noise). These findings highlight the feasibility of adapting advanced quantum control methods for resource-constrained settings, with implications for quantum-enhanced solutions in African healthcare, agriculture, and logistics. The study underscores the need for localized quantum research infrastructure to bridge the global technological divide.
Adaptive quantum computing control is important for the stability and efficiency of quantum systems, especially in the presence of dynamic environmental noise and hardware fluctuations. We present a unified strategy for machine learning (ML) techniques to improve adaptive quantum control in two main directions: optimization speed and out-of-sample error. Here, we propose a hybrid learning method combining reinforcement learning (RL), deep neural networks (DNNs), and quantum-inspired models to actively and adaptively update quantum gate parameters and error mitigation strategies on the fly. Embedding of quantum noise models directly into the learning allows the system to predict and correct for decoherence, gate errors and measurement inaccuracy before they affect computational fidelity. Using extensive simulations as well as experimental validation on noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) processors, our improved ML model achieves a substantially higher fidelity and robustness compared to standard model-free and static control approaches. We introduce a novel feedback-loop mechanism based on online learning algorithms enabling the system to adjust for changing noise profiles and hardware drift without retraining. The optimization part uses metaheuristic methods to quickly converge to control parameters that perform well, and the error prevention mechanism features anomaly detection and prediction correction layers to minimize the effects of cumulative decoherence. The results demonstrate that our adaptive control framework can be used to not only speed up the convergence in training quantum algorithms, but also sustain the performance of gates against error at a variety of error rates with the reduction of the real-time impact of the error up to 35 %. This work highlights the promise of machine learningaugmented quantum control for improving reliability and scalability in quantum computing and serves as a stepping stone for future incorporation with fault-tolerant designs.
Achieving fast and high-fidelity qubit operations is crucial for unlocking the potential of quantum computers. In particular, reaching low gate errors in two-qubit gates has been a long-standing challenge in the field of superconducting qubits due to their typically long duration relative to coherence times. To realize fast gates, we use the hybridization between fixed-frequency superconducting qubits with a strongly interacting coupler mode that is tunable in frequency. To reduce population leakage during required adiabatic passages through avoided level crossings, we employ a sensitivity-adaptive closed-loop optimization method to design complex pulse shapes. We compare the performance of Gaussian-square, Fourier-series, and piecewise-constant-slope pulse parametrizations and are able to reach 99.9% controlled- Z -gate fidelity using a 64-ns-long Fourier-series pulse defined by only seven parameters. These high-fidelity values are achieved by analyzing the optimized pulse shapes to identify and systematically mitigate signal-line distortions in the experiment. To improve the convergence speed of the optimization, we implement an adaptive cost function, which continuously maximizes the sensitivity. The demonstrated method can be used for tune-up and recalibration of superconducting quantum processors.
Quantum computing holds immense promise for solving complex problems intractable for classical computers. However, the inherent complexity of quantum circuits necessitates sophisticated optimization techniques. This paper introduces a novel dynamic adaptive quantum circuit optimization algorithm, designed to automatically adjust quantum gate parameters based on the circuit's dynamic state. The algorithm leverages a feedback loop that continuously monitors the circuit's evolution, dynamically re-optimizing gate parameters to minimize error rates and maximize performance. We present a detailed theoretical analysis and demonstrate its effectiveness through a series of rigorous simulations and experiments. The core mechanism focuses on a closed-loop optimization process that adapts to the circuit's inherent variability. The results indicate a significant improvement in quantum circuit performance compared to existing static optimization methods. We conclude by discussing potential applications and future research directions.
Quantum control aims to manipulate quantum systems toward specific quantum states or desired operations. Designing highly accurate and effective control steps is vitally important to various quantum applications, including energy minimization and circuit compilation. In this paper we focus on discrete binary quantum control problems and apply different optimization algorithms and techniques to improve computational efficiency and solution quality. Specifically, we develop a generic model and extend it in several ways. We introduce a squared L2 -penalty function to handle additional side constraints, to model requirements such as allowing at most one control to be active. We introduce a total variation (TV) regularizer to reduce the number of switches in the control. We modify the popular gradient ascent pulse engineering (GRAPE) algorithm, develop a new alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) algorithm to solve the continuous relaxation of the penalized model, and then apply rounding techniques to obtain binary control solutions. We propose a modified trust-region method to further improve the solutions. Our algorithms can obtain high-quality control results, as demonstrated by numerical studies on diverse quantum control examples.