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Nature

Making robust integrated photonic qubits

Published Jun 4, 2025• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

High-performance photonic integrated chips have been demonstrated that generate robust optical quantum bits called Gottesman–Kitaev–Preskill qubits. One such chip has been used to realize qubit states, reconstruct the quantum features of these states and verify the quality of the qubits. An innovative chip has structural features that are crucial for future fault-tolerant quantum computers.

DOI
10.1038/d41586-025-01696-7

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High-performance photonic integrated chips have been demonstrated that generate robust optical quantum bits called Gottesman–Kitaev–Preskill qubits. One such chip has been used to realize qubit states, reconstruct the quantum features of these states and verify the quality of the qubits. An innovative chip has structural features that are crucial for future fault-tolerant quantum computers.
Building a useful photonic quantum computer requires robust techniques to synthesize optical states that can encode qubits. Gottesman–Kitaev–Preskill (GKP) states1 offer one of the most attractive classes of such qubit encodings, as they enable the implementation of universal gate sets with straightforward, deterministic and room temperature-compatible Gaussian operations2. Existing pioneering demonstrations generating optical GKP states3 and other complex non-Gaussian states4–11 have relied on free-space optical components, hindering the scaling eventually required for a utility-scale system. Here we use an ultra-low-loss integrated photonic chip fabricated on a customized multilayer silicon nitride 300-mm wafer platform, coupled over fibre with high-efficiency photon number resolving detectors, to generate GKP qubit states. These states show critical mode-level features necessary for fault tolerance, including at least four resolvable peaks in both p and q quadratures, and a clear lattice structure of negative Wigner function regions, in this case a 3 × 3 grid. We also show that our GKP states show sufficient structure to indicate that the devices used to make them could, after further reduction in optical losses, yield states for the fault-tolerant regime. This experiment validates a key pillar of bosonic architectures for photonic quantum computing2,12, paving the way for arrays of GKP sources that will supply future fault-tolerant machines. An ultra-low-loss integrated photonic chip fabricated on a customized multilayer silicon nitride 300-mm wafer platform, coupled over fibre with high-efficiency photon number resolving detectors, is used to generate Gottesman–Kitaev–Preskill qubit states.
Integrated photonic quantum chips have emerged as a promising platform for realizing fault-tolerant photonic quantum computers. Compared with bulk-optics systems, integrated photonics offer compact device footprints, enhanced programmability, and exceptional stability, attributes that are essential for executing large-scale and computationally demanding quantum tasks. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of recent advances in both discrete-variable and continuous-variable universal photonic quantum computation. We survey progress in fault-tolerant architectures and state-of-the-art integrated platforms and highlight the key challenges that must be addressed to scale photonic systems toward full fault tolerance. Finally, we outline future opportunities and research directions aimed at bridging the gap between current proof-of-principle demonstrations and fully scalable quantum microprocessors.
In the race to demonstrate a scalable and fault tolerant quantum computing (QC) platform, quantum photonics stands poised to have a major impact. In particular, by encoding quantum information over fields rather than photons (continuous-variable—CV, rather than discrete-variable—DV, quantum information), record-size quantum processors were demonstrated in spectral and in temporal quantum field combs. These demonstrations used the measurement-based QC paradigm, which is based on cluster entangled states. In this talk, I will outline two of our recent results: proposals for generating hypercubic cluster states by phase modulation of the quantum optical frequency comb and for generating fault-tolerant hybrid CV-DV encodings called Gottesman-Kitaev-Preskill states. The latter leverages CV cluster states along with our experimental ability to perform photon-number-resolving measurements up to 100 photons.