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SPIE Quantum Information Science, Sensing, and Computation

Integrating post-quantum cryptography (PQC) with quantum key distribution (QKD): performance, security, and practical challenges

Reza Azarderakhsh, Maryam Sadat Amiri Tehrani Zadeh

Published May 30, 2025• 1 citation
Publisher
DOI
10.1117/12.3055954

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As quantum computing technology advances, our traditional methods of securing information are becoming vulnerable to new types of attacks. To counter these threats, Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) methods like the BB84 protocol offer a way to create extremely secure keys. However, QKD alone can have practical limitations and might still be exposed to certain types of attacks. On the other hand, Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) provides a robust defense against quantum attacks through complex mathematical algorithms. This research aims to combine the best of both worlds: using the BB84 QKD protocol to generate secure keys and then using these keys with PQC algorithms for encrypting information. By integrating QKD for key generation and Lattice based (Kyber) PQC for encryption, we hope to create a cryptographic system that is both incredibly secure and practical for real-world use. This project will involve designing the hybrid system, testing it through simulations, and evaluating its performance and security against traditional methods.
Quantum computing threatens classical cryptography, which has prompted the creation of post-quantum cryptography (PQC) and quantum key distribution (QKD). Hybrid cryptography integrates classical, post-quantum, and quantum techniques for achieving multi-layer security and smooth migration towards quantum-safe infrastructures. In this paper, practical deployment patterns, the employment of cryptographic agility, and integration of PQC with QKD are presented with emphasis on hybrid methods as a key strategy for quantum-secure communication.
This paper introduces a hybrid encryption framework combining classical cryptography (EdDSA, ECDH), post-quantum cryptography (ML-DSA-6x5, ML-KEM-768), and Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) via Guardian to counter quantum computing threats. Our prototype implements this integration, using a key derivation function to generate secure symmetric and HMAC keys, and evaluates its performance across execution time and network metrics. The approach improves data protection by merging classical efficiency with PQC's quantum resilience and QKD's key security, offering a practical transition path for cryptographic systems. This research lays the foundation for future adoption of PQC in securing digital communication.