Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

Devices for Integrated Circuit (DevIC)

Quantum Key Distribution Protocol with Enhanced Eavesdropper Detection Ability

Tamal Deb, Jyotsna Kumar Mandal, Deeptanu Sen

Published Apr 5, 2025• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Quantum key distribution protocols printed a prominent mark in the old path of digital communication by making it even more secure. Unlike its classical counterpart, quantum key distribution protocols exploit the key principles of quantum elements, such as superposition and entanglement, to expose the intrusion in an efficient way. This paper presents a prepare and measure quantum key distribution protocol that detects the eavesdropper more efficiently by inflating bit mismatch between the sender and receiver. The proposed work achieves bit mismatch up to 62.5 percent while Eve is present in the quantum communication channel. The improvement is remarkable in comparison with the classical BB84 protocol, which has a bit mismatch up to 37.5 percent in presence of Eve.

DOI
10.1109/devic63749.2025.11012143

Related papers

Quantum key distribution with prepare-and-measure Bell test

Yong-Gang Tan

The prepare-and-measure quantum key distribution (QKD) has the merits of fast speed, high key generation rate, and easy implementation. However, the detector side channel attacks greatly undermine the security of the key bits. The eavesdropper, Eve, exploits the flaws of the detectors to obtain illegal information without violating quantum principles. It means that she can intervene in the communication without being detected. A prepare-and-measure Bell test protocol will be proposed. By randomly carrying out Bell test at the side of the information receiver, Bob, Eve's illegal information gain within the detector side channel attack can be well bounded. This protocol does not require any improvement on the detectors used in available prepare-and-measure QKD. Though we only illustrate its application in the BB84 protocol, it is applicable for any prepare-and-measure QKD.

Scientific Reports•Oct 13, 2016•6 citations

Key reconciliation protocol for quantum key distribution

Neha Vaishnavi Sharma, Vikas Saxena, Vinay Chamola +1 more

Abstract In quantum cryptography, secret communications are delivered through a quantum channel. One of the most important breakthroughs in quantum cryptography has been the quantum key distribution (QKD). This process enables two distant parties to share secure communications based on physical laws. However, eavesdroppers can still interrupt the communication. To overcome this, we propose a different way to detect the presence of Eve through the polynomial interpolation technique. This technique also allows us for key verification. This approach prevents the receiver as well as the intruder from discovering the sender’s fundamental basis. To fully utilize IBM quantum computers’ quantum computing capabilities, this paper attempts to show % error against alpha (strength of eavesdropping) and the impact of noise on the success probability of the desired key bits. Furthermore, the success probability under depolarizing noise is explained for different qubit counts. In the enhanced QKD protocol, using polynomial interpolation for reconciliation shows a 50% probability of successful key generation. This is even when the noise is increased to the maximum capacity.

EPJ Quantum Technology•Feb 10, 2025•6 citations

A Novel Approach Based on Quantum Key Distribution Using BB84 and E91 Protocol for Resilient Encryption and Eavesdropper Detection

Noor Ul Ain, Muhammad Waqar, Anas Bilal +4 more

Quantum cryptography is anticipated to drive substantial advancements in cybersecurity. The impending arrival of quantum cryptography compromises current encryption methods, possibly compromising the effectiveness of traditional key management-based security protocols. One fundamental Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) protocol, BB84, encounters challenges when operating with fewer Quantum bits (Qubits) and bases that only support up to 8 Qubits. This limitation weakens the system’s security, making brute force, intercept, and resend attacks less challenging. Consequently, this study proposes a method to enhance the security of the BB84 protocol, to reduce susceptibility to attacks and eavesdropping. The improved BB84 protocol utilizes 9, 12, and 16 quantum bits along with two, and three bases to significantly bolster security. This allows authorized parties to eliminate the use of compromised keys. Additionally, the study implements the E91 QKD protocol utilizing the Entanglement Pair Generation (EPR) method to produce secure keys. While the existing E91 protocol ensures security through Bell’s theorem and Bell’s inequality, it overlooks the impact of noise, leading to inaccuracies in eavesdropper detection. To address this, the study introduces an additional security measure. Whenever an eavesdropper attempts to measure the quantum state, the proposed E91 protocol collapses its state from$\vert 10\rangle $to$\vert 11\rangle $, setting the first Qubit to$\vert 1\rangle $and the other Qubit to$\vert 0\rangle $, thus providing the eavesdropper with incorrect information, accompanied by a phase angle of$15\pi $/8. This leads to a misconception, preventing eavesdroppers from obtaining useful details about transferred quantum states. Additionally, considering that the proposed E91 protocol relies on entangled particles and utilizes double Qubit gates, which are inherently noisier than single Qubit gates and more susceptible to quantum decoherence, this study employs error mitigation techniques during the final measurement to predict outcomes more efficiently.

IEEE Access•Jan 1, 2025•43 citations

Quantum Key Distribution: Modeling and Simulation through BB84 Protocol Using Python3

Akwasi Adu-Kyere, Ethiopia Nigussie, Jouni Isoaho

Autonomous "Things" is becoming the future trend as the role, and responsibility of IoT keep diversifying. Its applicability and deployment need to re-stand technological advancement. The versatile security interaction between IoTs in human-to-machine and machine-to-machine must also endure mathematical and computational cryptographic attack intricacies. Quantum cryptography uses the laws of quantum mechanics to generate a secure key by manipulating light properties for secure end-to-end communication. We present a proof-of-principle via a communication architecture model and implementation to simulate these laws of nature. The model relies on the BB84 quantum key distribution (QKD) protocol with two scenarios, without and with the presence of an eavesdropper via the interception-resend attack model from a theoretical, methodological, and practical perspective. The proposed simulation initiates communication over a quantum channel for polarized photon transmission after a pre-agreed configuration over a Classic Channel with parameters. Simulation implementation results confirm that the presence of an eavesdropper is detectable during key generation due to Heisenberg's uncertainty and no-cloning principles. An eavesdropper has a 0.5 probability of guessing transmission qubit and 0.25 for the polarization state. During simulation re-iterations, a base-mismatch process discarded about 50 percent of the total initial key bits with an Error threshold of 0.11 percent.

Sensors•Aug 21, 2022•49 citations

Advanced Secure Communication: Exploring Quantum Key Distribution, the BB84 Method

Badukuri Hemalatha, Badukuri Premalatha, B. Reddaiah

One promising way to use quantum information to secure everyday communication is through the distribution of quantum keys. By exchanging a secret key, the Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) approach allows two parties to communicate securely.BB84 protocol is among the most well-known QKD protocols. In this protocol, qubits are exchanged via a quantum channel between the sender and the receiver. This enables them to produce a shared key that is impenetrable to eavesdroppers and illustrate the fundamental ideas of QKD using current simulations and implementations. The results of this study demonstrate that the BB84 protocol is a highly secure QKD technique that has been investigated in great detail and used in a variety of contexts. Additionally, over the enhancements made to the BB84 protocol such as the use of advanced error correction techniques and decoy states to increase its security and usability is discussed. With an emphasis on the BB84 protocol in secure communication technologies, this study offers an extensive analysis of QKD systems overall.

International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology•Apr 21, 2024•0 citations

Evaluating BB84 Protocol for Next-Generation Quantum Key Distribution Systems

L. P., Achanta Sree Rama Shriya, R. Kishore +1 more

In recent years, traditional cryptography has faced a lot of threats with advancements in quantum computing technology. The objective of the work is to analyze the suitability of the BB84 protocol for quantum key distribution. The BB84 protocol uses the principles of superposition, entanglement, and the no-cloning theorem that provide a framework enabling the secure exchange of secret keys. Qiskit, an open-source software, is used for analysis and study. An ideal quantum channel is established between the two communicating parties using Qiskit. The analysis is done in the presence of an eavesdropper, and it is found that the eavesdropper’s incorrect basis choices alter the states of the qubits, and thereby, the communicating parties will come to know about the interception.

•Jun 5, 2025•1 citation
Quantum key distribution protocols printed a prominent mark in the old path of digital communication by making it even more secure. Unlike its classical counterpart, quantum key distribution protocols exploit the key principles of quantum elements, such as superposition and entanglement, to expose the intrusion in an efficient way. This paper presents a prepare and measure quantum key distribution protocol that detects the eavesdropper more efficiently by inflating bit mismatch between the sender and receiver. The proposed work achieves bit mismatch up to 62.5 percent while Eve is present in the quantum communication channel. The improvement is remarkable in comparison with the classical BB84 protocol, which has a bit mismatch up to 37.5 percent in presence of Eve.
The prepare-and-measure quantum key distribution (QKD) has the merits of fast speed, high key generation rate, and easy implementation. However, the detector side channel attacks greatly undermine the security of the key bits. The eavesdropper, Eve, exploits the flaws of the detectors to obtain illegal information without violating quantum principles. It means that she can intervene in the communication without being detected. A prepare-and-measure Bell test protocol will be proposed. By randomly carrying out Bell test at the side of the information receiver, Bob, Eve's illegal information gain within the detector side channel attack can be well bounded. This protocol does not require any improvement on the detectors used in available prepare-and-measure QKD. Though we only illustrate its application in the BB84 protocol, it is applicable for any prepare-and-measure QKD.
Abstract In quantum cryptography, secret communications are delivered through a quantum channel. One of the most important breakthroughs in quantum cryptography has been the quantum key distribution (QKD). This process enables two distant parties to share secure communications based on physical laws. However, eavesdroppers can still interrupt the communication. To overcome this, we propose a different way to detect the presence of Eve through the polynomial interpolation technique. This technique also allows us for key verification. This approach prevents the receiver as well as the intruder from discovering the sender’s fundamental basis. To fully utilize IBM quantum computers’ quantum computing capabilities, this paper attempts to show % error against alpha (strength of eavesdropping) and the impact of noise on the success probability of the desired key bits. Furthermore, the success probability under depolarizing noise is explained for different qubit counts. In the enhanced QKD protocol, using polynomial interpolation for reconciliation shows a 50% probability of successful key generation. This is even when the noise is increased to the maximum capacity.
Quantum cryptography is anticipated to drive substantial advancements in cybersecurity. The impending arrival of quantum cryptography compromises current encryption methods, possibly compromising the effectiveness of traditional key management-based security protocols. One fundamental Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) protocol, BB84, encounters challenges when operating with fewer Quantum bits (Qubits) and bases that only support up to 8 Qubits. This limitation weakens the system’s security, making brute force, intercept, and resend attacks less challenging. Consequently, this study proposes a method to enhance the security of the BB84 protocol, to reduce susceptibility to attacks and eavesdropping. The improved BB84 protocol utilizes 9, 12, and 16 quantum bits along with two, and three bases to significantly bolster security. This allows authorized parties to eliminate the use of compromised keys. Additionally, the study implements the E91 QKD protocol utilizing the Entanglement Pair Generation (EPR) method to produce secure keys. While the existing E91 protocol ensures security through Bell’s theorem and Bell’s inequality, it overlooks the impact of noise, leading to inaccuracies in eavesdropper detection. To address this, the study introduces an additional security measure. Whenever an eavesdropper attempts to measure the quantum state, the proposed E91 protocol collapses its state from$\vert 10\rangle tototo\vert 11\rangle ,settingthefirstQubitto, setting the first Qubit to,settingthefirstQubitto\vert 1\rangle andtheotherQubittoand the other Qubit toandtheotherQubitto\vert 0\rangle $, thus providing the eavesdropper with incorrect information, accompanied by a phase angle of$15\pi $/8. This leads to a misconception, preventing eavesdroppers from obtaining useful details about transferred quantum states. Additionally, considering that the proposed E91 protocol relies on entangled particles and utilizes double Qubit gates, which are inherently noisier than single Qubit gates and more susceptible to quantum decoherence, this study employs error mitigation techniques during the final measurement to predict outcomes more efficiently.
Autonomous "Things" is becoming the future trend as the role, and responsibility of IoT keep diversifying. Its applicability and deployment need to re-stand technological advancement. The versatile security interaction between IoTs in human-to-machine and machine-to-machine must also endure mathematical and computational cryptographic attack intricacies. Quantum cryptography uses the laws of quantum mechanics to generate a secure key by manipulating light properties for secure end-to-end communication. We present a proof-of-principle via a communication architecture model and implementation to simulate these laws of nature. The model relies on the BB84 quantum key distribution (QKD) protocol with two scenarios, without and with the presence of an eavesdropper via the interception-resend attack model from a theoretical, methodological, and practical perspective. The proposed simulation initiates communication over a quantum channel for polarized photon transmission after a pre-agreed configuration over a Classic Channel with parameters. Simulation implementation results confirm that the presence of an eavesdropper is detectable during key generation due to Heisenberg's uncertainty and no-cloning principles. An eavesdropper has a 0.5 probability of guessing transmission qubit and 0.25 for the polarization state. During simulation re-iterations, a base-mismatch process discarded about 50 percent of the total initial key bits with an Error threshold of 0.11 percent.
One promising way to use quantum information to secure everyday communication is through the distribution of quantum keys. By exchanging a secret key, the Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) approach allows two parties to communicate securely.BB84 protocol is among the most well-known QKD protocols. In this protocol, qubits are exchanged via a quantum channel between the sender and the receiver. This enables them to produce a shared key that is impenetrable to eavesdroppers and illustrate the fundamental ideas of QKD using current simulations and implementations. The results of this study demonstrate that the BB84 protocol is a highly secure QKD technique that has been investigated in great detail and used in a variety of contexts. Additionally, over the enhancements made to the BB84 protocol such as the use of advanced error correction techniques and decoy states to increase its security and usability is discussed. With an emphasis on the BB84 protocol in secure communication technologies, this study offers an extensive analysis of QKD systems overall.
In recent years, traditional cryptography has faced a lot of threats with advancements in quantum computing technology. The objective of the work is to analyze the suitability of the BB84 protocol for quantum key distribution. The BB84 protocol uses the principles of superposition, entanglement, and the no-cloning theorem that provide a framework enabling the secure exchange of secret keys. Qiskit, an open-source software, is used for analysis and study. An ideal quantum channel is established between the two communicating parties using Qiskit. The analysis is done in the presence of an eavesdropper, and it is found that the eavesdropper’s incorrect basis choices alter the states of the qubits, and thereby, the communicating parties will come to know about the interception.