We systematically investigate the performance of many-body quantum batteries (QBs) with open boundary conditions (OBCs) and periodic boundary conditions (PBCs). Specifically, we apply a general approach to study the effects of interactions and boundary conditions on ergotropy and power in the Ising-, XXX-, XXZ-, and XYZ-type QBs. We find that the Ising and XYZ models can serve as viable candidates for illustrating the superiority of the collective charging proposal. For these two types of QBs, the interactions between the cells play an important role in the enhancement of ergotropy and power. Moreover, the boundary conditions significantly influence the performance of the QBs. For a smaller QB system, the QB with PBCs outperforms the QB with OBCs. Finally, we show the scaling relationships of the maximum power for the QBs and find that the superiority of collective charging for the Ising- and XYZ-type QBs with appropriate boundary conditions can be maintained in infinite QB systems.
We systematically investigate the performance of many-body quantum batteries (QBs) with open boundary conditions (OBCs) and periodic boundary conditions (PBCs). Specifically, we apply a general approach to study the effects of interactions and boundary conditions on ergotropy and power in the Ising-, XXX-, XXZ-, and XYZ-type QBs. We find that the Ising and XYZ models can serve as viable candidates for illustrating the superiority of the collective charging proposal. For these two types of QBs, the interactions between the cells play an important role in the enhancement of ergotropy and power. Moreover, the boundary conditions significantly influence the performance of the QBs. For a smaller QB system, the QB with PBCs outperforms the QB with OBCs. Finally, we show the scaling relationships of the maximum power for the QBs and find that the superiority of collective charging for the Ising- and XYZ-type QBs with appropriate boundary conditions can be maintained in infinite QB systems.
While quantum batteries have been widely studied under static driving, their performance under periodic driving in many-body systems has received only limited attention. In this Letter, we uncover structural principles showing that many-body structure fundamentally determines the charging performance of a collective spin-1/2 quantum battery driven by a periodic Ising charger. In particular, interaction range, boundary conditions, system size, and integrability -- capturing graph connectivity, geometry, even-odd effects, and many-body dynamics -- emerge as critical factors for enhancing stored energy and charging power. First, we analyze how connectivity scaling and boundary geometry shape battery performance. We show that long-range interacting chargers exhibit superextensive energy storage, approaching the fundamental upper bound over broad ranges of driving periods and system sizes. In contrast, nearest-neighbor chargers achieve optimal charging only under finely tuned commensurability conditions. Moreover, we find that open boundary conditions (OBC) enhance robustness compared to periodic boundary conditions (PBC). Second, we examine the role of integrability under periodic driving. We demonstrate that nonintegrability enhances energy storage by suppressing conserved quantities and promoting ergodic Floquet dynamics, thereby enabling efficient population of the many-body spectrum. Through systematic structural optimization across multiple parameters, we identify long-range nonintegrability as a central resource for fast, scalable, and robust charging of collective quantum batteries. Our results clarify how structural features of many-body systems, together with periodic driving, can be harnessed to achieve efficient collective charging dynamics.
Ergotropy--a key figure of merit for quantum battery (QB) performance--plays a crucial role. However, the dynamics and physical mechanisms governing ergotropy evolution remain open challenges. Here, we investigate the ergotropy of a general QB model and find that the charging process is accompanied by the variation and inversion of the energy level populations. In the absence of population inversion, the ergotropy is fully consistent with coherent ergotropy; in local and global population inversion, it is determined by both coherent and incoherent ergotropy. Via random sampling of quantum states and Hamiltonians, we show that coherence and the participation ratio enhance coherent ergotropy, whereas incoherent ergotropy--whether enhanced, unchanged, or suppressed--depends on diagonal entropy, the participation ratio, and energy level population ordering. We demonstrate that the ergotropy lower bound is incoherent ergotropy, the upper bound is the QB stored energy, and enhanced QB purity suppresses locked energy and boosts charging efficiency. Furthermore, we use the Tavis-Cummings (TC) and Jaynes-Cummings (JC) batteries as paradigms to validate our findings. Our work elucidates ergotropy underlying mechanisms in general QBs and establishes a rigorous framework for optimizing ergotropy and charging efficiency, paving the way for high-performance quantum energy-storage devices.
Quantum batteries (QBs) have emerged as a promising route for fast energy storage and on-chip power supply in quantum devices. Given the limited analytical understanding of open Floquet QBs, we employ the kicked-Ising model as a tractable platform to systematically study its performance under realistic conditions, including finite temperature effects and environmental dissipation. Starting from Gibbs states of the transverse-field Ising model, we incorporate thermal and decoherence effects along the evolution, using both analytical and numerical approaches. Taking ergotropy as a central figure of merit, we characterize the injected and extractable energy, and identify regimes where charging remains robust despite environmental effects. Our results provide a systematic framework for assessing QB performance under thermal and dissipative effects.
Abstract Quantum batteries (QBs) have been proposed as devices that exploit the advantage of quantum resources, such as coherence and entanglement, to improve charging performance. In this study, we theoretically investigate a QB model based on two coupled double quantum dots (TDQDs) implemented on the well-established AlGaAs/GaAs platform for quantum nanodevice fabrication. Using ergotropy and power as key performance indicators, we examine how various system parameters affect the energy performance of the QB. Our study begins with an analysis of quantum resources in the QB’s initial state, followed by an examination of how control parameters that influence these resources impact the modeling and performance of the battery. Our results demonstrate that increasing the energy offset improves ergotropy and power but reduces quantum correlations. Conversely, increasing tunneling couplings leads to a non-monotonic variation in the maximum ergotropy, which peaks at a certain point before decreasing, closely following the behavior of quantum entanglement despite continued growth in quantum coherence. This highlights the feasibility of efficient energy storage in quantum dots (QDs) for use in quantum batteries (QBs). It also emphasizes that coherence alone is insufficient for optimal performance and that other quantum correlations are necessary and must be carefully considered to fully exploit the potential of quantum resources.
We investigate charging dynamics in many-body quantum batteries by examining the relationship between instantaneous charging power and the emergence of bipartite, tripartite, and multipartite quantum correlations across different battery--charger configurations. We find that the charging power reaches its maximum before the correlation measures peak, revealing a temporal separation between rapid energy transfer and the buildup of quantum correlations. We further study the role of interaction structure using local and many-body charging Hamiltonians for both unconstrained and constrained charging protocols, in which the total available charging resources are fixed to scale proportionally with the number of spins, thereby isolating the influence of interaction geometry and particle participation on the charging dynamics. In the unconstrained case, the enhanced charging energy observed for higher-order interactions originates primarily from the larger energy scale of the corresponding charging Hamiltonian. Under constrained conditions, however, increasing the interaction order alone provides no advantage over parallel charging when interaction and local spin-flip contributions are balanced, whereas interaction-dominated protocols significantly enhance charging performance, highlighting the importance of collective many-body dynamics. Fully collective interactions yield the largest enhancement in charging power together with stronger multipartite correlations, while partially collective interactions provide only limited improvements. Finally, extending the interaction range through next-nearest-neighbor couplings suppresses the charging power, demonstrating that, under constrained energetic resources, charging performance is governed primarily by interaction structure, particle participation, and collective many-body dynamics rather than by interaction order alone.
ABSTRACT We investigate a quantum battery within an open quantum system, in which a harmonic oscillator acts as the charger and two‐level atoms serve as battery cells. This model accounts for the dissipative effects arising from the coupling between both the charger and battery cells with the environment. By analyzing the time evolution of the battery energy, charging power, ergotropy, and logarithmic negativity, we systematically examine the influence of the number of battery cells and environmental dissipation on battery performance. Our results show that increasing significantly enhances the charging power, exhibiting a collective enhancement effect. Both the atomic number and environmental dissipation strongly affect the ergotropy per atom, but their influences are distinct.