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National Science Review

Experimental investigation of non-Hermitian physics in the quantum regime

Yang Wu, Yunhan Wang, Xing Rong, Jiangfeng Du

Published Apr 17, 2025• 6 citations
Publisher

Abstract

This perspective presents advances in non-Hermitian physics within quantum systems, covering experimental realizations across platforms and applications, along with proposed future research directions.
DOI
10.1093/nsr/nwaf144

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The exploration of the effect of non-Hermitian (NH) in quantum systems is gaining renewed momentum as a result of the recent progress in experiments. It has been indicated that the ability to engineer the orders of exceptional points (EPs) can be fundamental to its applications in quantum control, such as accelerating entanglement generation; however, an initial survey of the interactions between different orders of EPs is still missing. In this work, we try to partially address this issue by employing a non-reciprocally coupled cavity system which can be experimentally realizable with a two-dimensional reconfigurable NH gauged laser array. With deliberate design, our systems display both second and third orders of EPs. The sign of a novel, purely quantum continuous entanglement phase transition is observed, which reveals how multi-EP interactions alter entanglement dynamics across different regimes while maintaining accelerated generation. Our findings reveil the genuinely quantum NH physics of higher-order EPs, which has opened up a new avenue for future investigations of the higher-order degeneracy application and the dynamic phase transitions of quantum systems.
Non-Hermitian Hamiltonians enrich quantum physics by extending conventional phase diagrams, enabling novel topological phenomena, and realizing exceptional points with potential applications in quantum sensing. Here, we present an experimental photonic platform capable of simulating a non-unitary quantum walk generated by a peculiar type of non-Hermitian Hamiltonian, largely unexplored in the literature. The novelty of this platform lies in its direct access to the reciprocal space, which enables us to scan the quasi-momentum across the entire Brillouin zone and thus achieve a precise tomographic reconstruction of the underlying non-Hermitian Hamiltonian, indicated by the comparison between theoretical predictions and experimental measurements. From the inferred Hamiltonian, it is possible to retrieve complex-valued band structures, resolve exceptional points in momentum space, and detect the associated parity-time symmetry breaking through eigenvector coalescence. Our results, presented entirely in quasi-momentum space, represent a substantial shift in perspective in the study of non-Hermitian phenomena.
Non-Hermitian physics exhibits unique physical properties beyond those of traditional Hermitian systems, such as symmetry breaking, the emergence of exceptional points, topological phase transitions, and more. These phenomena have been extensively studied across various platforms, including quantum optics, cold atom systems, superconducting circuits, and condensed matter physics. Rydberg atoms, with their long-range interactions and flexible controllability, provide a promising platform for the experimental realization of non-Hermitian physics. This review primarily summarizes the key experimental and theoretical achievements in the field of non-Hermitian physics within Rydberg atomic systems in recent years. It outlines the fundamental construction of non-Hermitian Hamiltonians, reveals the effective dissipation mechanisms induced by Rydberg atomic interactions, and discusses their impact on spectral properties and symmetry breaking. These studies not only deepen the understanding of quantum phase transitions in non-Hermitian many-body systems but also highlight the unique value of Rydberg atomic platforms in realizing and controlling topological states.
Non-Hermitian physics exhibits unique physical properties beyond those of traditional Hermitian systems, such as symmetry breaking, the emergence of exceptional points, topological phase transitions, and more. These phenomena have been extensively studied across various platforms, including quantum optics, cold atom systems, superconducting circuits, and condensed matter physics. Rydberg atoms, with their long-range interactions and flexible controllability, provide a promising platform for the experimental realization of non-Hermitian physics. This review primarily summarizes the key experimental and theoretical achievements in the field of non-Hermitian physics within Rydberg atomic systems in recent years. It outlines the fundamental construction of non-Hermitian Hamiltonians, reveals the effective dissipation mechanisms induced by Rydberg atomic interactions, and discusses their impact on spectral properties and symmetry breaking. These studies not only deepen the understanding of quantum phase transitions in non-Hermitian many-body systems but also highlight the unique value of Rydberg atomic platforms in realizing and controlling topological states.