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International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications

The generalized method of solving ECDLP using quantum annealing

Łukasz Dzierzkowski

Published Apr 7, 2025• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

This paper presents a generalization of a method allowing the transformation of the Elliptic Curve Discrete Logarithm Problem (ECDLP) over prime fields to the Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization (QUBO) problem. The original method requires that a given elliptic curve model has complete arithmetic. The new one has no such restriction, which is a breakthrough. Since the mentioned obstacle is no longer a problem, the latest version of the algorithm may be used for any elliptic curve model. As a result, one may use quantum annealing to solve ECDLP on any given model of elliptic curves.

DOI
10.24425/ijet.2025.153544

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International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications•Apr 7, 2025•0 citations
This paper presents a generalization of a method allowing the transformation of the Elliptic Curve Discrete Logarithm Problem (ECDLP) over prime fields to the Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization (QUBO) problem. The original method requires that a given elliptic curve model has complete arithmetic. The new one has no such restriction, which is a breakthrough. Since the mentioned obstacle is no longer a problem, the latest version of the algorithm may be used for any elliptic curve model. As a result, one may use quantum annealing to solve ECDLP on any given model of elliptic curves.
This paper presents a generalization of a method allowing the transformation of the Elliptic Curve Discrete Logarithm Problem (ECDLP) over prime fields to the Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization (QUBO) problem. The original method requires that a given elliptic curve model has complete arithmetic. The new one has no such restriction, which is a breakthrough. Since the mentioned obstacle is no longer a problem, the latest version of the algorithm may be used for any elliptic curve model. As a result, one may use quantum annealing to solve ECDLP on any given model of elliptic curves.
This paper investigates how to reduce the elliptic curve discrete logarithm problem over prime fields to the quadratic unconstrained binary optimization (QUBO) problem in order to obtain as few logical qubits as possible. In the best case scenario, if n is the bitlength of a characteristic of prime field Fp, approximately 3n³ logical qubits are required for such a reduction in the Edwards curve case. We present a practical attack on an elliptic curve discrete logarithm problem over the 3-bit prime field F7 for an elliptic curve with the subgroup of order 8. We solved this problem using the D-Wave Advantage QPU. To the best of the authors' knowledge, no one has made, so far, a practical attack on the elliptic curve discrete logarithm over a prime field using the direct quantum method.
This paper presents further improvements in the transformation of the Discrete Logarithm Problem (DLP) and Elliptic Curve Discrete Logarithm Problem (ECDLP) over prime fields to the Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization (QUBO) problem. This is significant from a cryptanalysis standpoint, as QUBO problems may be solved using quantum annealers, and the fewer variables the resulting QUBO problem has, the less time is expected to obtain a solution.The main idea presented in the paper is allowing the representation of the exponent in different bases than the typically used base 2 (binary representation). It is shown that in such cases, the reduction of the discrete logarithm problem over the prime field Fp\mathbb{F}_pFp​ to the QUBO problem may be obtained using approximately 1.89n21.89n^21.89n2 logical variables for nnn being the bitlength of prime ppp, instead of the 2n22n^22n2 which was previously the best-known reduction method. The paper provides a practical example using the given method to solve the discrete logarithm problem over the prime field F47\mathbb{F}_{47}F47​. Similarly, for the elliptic curve discrete logarithm problem over the prime field Fp\mathbb{F}_pFp​, allowing the representation of the exponent in different bases than typically used base two results in a lower number of required logical variables for nnn being the bitlength of prime ppp, from 3n33n^33n3 to 6n3log⁡2(34n)\frac{6n^3}{\log_{2}\left(\frac{3}{4}n\right)}log2​(43​n)6n3​ logical variables, in the case of Edwards curves.
Abstract This paper presents an approach to solving the elliptic curve discrete logarithm problem on alternative curve models over prime fields using a quantum annealing and index calculus method. Part of the algorithm, relation searching, is transformed into the Quadratic Unconstrained Boolean Optimization (QUBO) problem and then is efficiently solved using the D-Wave computer by quantum annealing. As Faugère et al. showed, twisted Edwards curves, because of their symmetric shape, allow us to obtain solutions of relations searching step using Groebner basis faster than in the case of Weierstrass curves. Because of symmetries, a system of equations of relations searching step for twisted Edwards curves has many symmetric solutions. Using the Groebner basis and having many system solutions makes it easier to find any of them. The same is true using quantum annealing - it is easier to find any solution to the QUBO problem if many are correct. In this paper, we used this observation to find out that a properly constructed QUBO problem for the relations searching step for twisted Edwards curves allows us to find a solution faster for the same size of the base field than in the case of Weierstrass curves. Using the presented approach, we solved the discrete logarithm problem using quantum annealing and index calculus method for elliptic curve discrete logarithm problem defined on twisted Edwards curve over a field 𝔽 1021 with order equal to 4 · 241. It is now the biggest field and size of the group, where the elliptic curve discrete logarithm problem was solved using quantum methods.
The Elliptic Curve Discrete Logarithm Problem (ECDLP) is a fundamental problem in cryptography, and reducing the resource requirements of quantum algorithms for solving ECDLP is an important goal. In this work, we present a space-efficient quantum algorithm for solving the ECDLP over prime fields, achieving an implementation with only 3n+6⌊log⁡2n⌋+O(1)3n+6\lfloor \log_2 n \rfloor+O(1)3n+6⌊log2​n⌋+O(1) logical qubits and 1056n3/log⁡2n+O(n2)1056n^3/\log_2 n+O(n^2)1056n3/log2​n+O(n2) Toffoli gates, where nnn is the bit-length of the prime. For a 256-bit prime-field curve, our construction requires only 835 logical qubits, reducing the previous best estimates of 1098 and 1175 logical qubits by Chevignard et al. [EUROCRYPT 2026] and Babbush et al. [ArXiv Preprint 2026], respectively. The key to our improvement is a new space-efficient reversible modular inversion circuit, which addresses the dominant space bottleneck in affine-coordinate point addition. Starting from the extended Euclidean algorithm (EEA), we refine the register-sharing technique of Proos and Zalka by introducing length registers and location-controlled arithmetic to compactly store and update intermediate variables. We further optimize the reversible update procedures and construct the corresponding controlled arithmetic circuits, resulting in a modular inversion circuit implemented by only 2n+6⌊log⁡2n⌋+O(1)2n+6\lfloor \log_2 n \rfloor+O(1)2n+6⌊log2​n⌋+O(1) logical qubits and 229n2+O(nlog⁡2n)229n^2+O(n\log_2 n)229n2+O(nlog2​n) Toffoli gates. This modular inversion circuit together with mid-circuit measurements and classical feed-forward operations provides a space-efficient controlled affine point-addition circuit and a complete implementation of Shor's algorithm for ECDLP.
Quantum computations are very important branch of modern cryptology. According to the number of working physical qubits available in general-purpose quantum computers and in quantum annealers, there is no coincidence, that nowadays quantum annealers allow to solve larger problems. In this paper we focus on solving discrete logarithm problem (DLP) over binary fields using quantum annealing. It is worth to note, that however solving DLP over prime fields using quantum annealing has been considered before, no author, until now, has considered DLP over binary fields using quantum annealing. Therefore, in this paper, we aim to bridge this gap. We present a polynomial transformation of the discrete logarithm problem over binary fields to the Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization (QUBO) problem, using approximately 3n2 logical variables for the binary field F2n. In our estimations, we assume the existence of an optimal normal base in the given fields. Such a QUBO instance can then be solved using quantum annealing.