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Acta Physica Sinica

Regulation of resonance and anti-resonance of soliton in ultracold atomic gases

He Zhang-Ming, Dexun ZHAI, Qianquan ZHU, Xiang PAN

Published Jan 1, 2025• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Kapitza’s pendulum is an inverted pendulum that is dynamically stabilized by rapidly driving its pivot point. Many applications of Kapitza stabilization in quantum systems have been proposed, such as optical molasses, the stability of optical resonators, preparation of molecular ions, the breaking of translation symmetry, the periodically driven sine-Gordon model, polariton Rabi oscillation, and the stabilization of bright solitons in a Bose-Einstein condensate. In particular, Kapitza stabilization can be used to trap particles. The most notable example of such an application is the Paul trap. Recently, the Kapitza trap was created by superimposing time-tuned focused laser beams to produce a periodically driven harmonic potential for ultracold atomic gases. This work opens up new possibilities to study Floquet systems of ultracold atomic gases. So we consider the periodically driven harmonic potential, and investigate the properties of soliton in ultracold atomic gases by numerical simulations. It is found interestingly that when a soliton is located at the center of the harmonic potential, a resonance phenomenon of soliton amplitude oscillation occurs at a specific driven frequency. In addition, the oscillation amplitude increases with the increase of the trapping frequency of the harmonic potential, and the resonance frequency increases with theaugment of soliton initial amplitude. The change of driven frequency and initial phase has a significant effect on soliton motion when the soliton is located at the edge of the harmonic potential. When the initial phase is zero, there is a characteristic driven frequency. For the case where the driven frequency is equal to the characteristic frequency, soliton motion exhibits periodic oscillations. For the case where the driven frequency is slightly lower than the characteristic frequency, the resonance of soliton oscillation can be found. When the driven frequency is slightly higher than the characteristic frequency, the anti-resonance of soliton oscillation can be found. In addition, it is found that the characteristic driven frequency increases linearly with the increase of the trapping frequency of the harmonic potential. When the initial phase is not equal to zero, the irregular oscillation, quasi-periodic oscillation, and periodic oscillation can be observed with the increase of driven frequency. When the driven frequency is equal to a specific value, the resonance of soliton oscillation can also obtained. Furthermore, the fast driving has no effect on the motion trajectory of solitons. These results can help to precisely control ultracold atomic gases.

DOI
10.7498/aps.74.20250177

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Kapitza’s pendulum is an inverted pendulum that is dynamically stabilized by rapidly driving its pivot point. Many applications of Kapitza stabilization in quantum systems have been proposed, such as optical molasses, the stability of optical resonators, preparation of molecular ions, the breaking of translation symmetry, the periodically driven sine-Gordon model, polariton Rabi oscillation, and the stabilization of bright solitons in a Bose-Einstein condensate. In particular, Kapitza stabilization can be used to trap particles. The most notable example of such an application is the Paul trap. Recently, the Kapitza trap was created by superimposing time-tuned focused laser beams to produce a periodically driven harmonic potential for ultracold atomic gases. This work opens up new possibilities to study Floquet systems of ultracold atomic gases. So we consider the periodically driven harmonic potential, and investigate the properties of soliton in ultracold atomic gases by numerical simulations. It is found interestingly that when a soliton is located at the center of the harmonic potential, a resonance phenomenon of soliton amplitude oscillation occurs at a specific driven frequency. In addition, the oscillation amplitude increases with the increase of the trapping frequency of the harmonic potential, and the resonance frequency increases with theaugment of soliton initial amplitude. The change of driven frequency and initial phase has a significant effect on soliton motion when the soliton is located at the edge of the harmonic potential. When the initial phase is zero, there is a characteristic driven frequency. For the case where the driven frequency is equal to the characteristic frequency, soliton motion exhibits periodic oscillations. For the case where the driven frequency is slightly lower than the characteristic frequency, the resonance of soliton oscillation can be found. When the driven frequency is slightly higher than the characteristic frequency, the anti-resonance of soliton oscillation can be found. In addition, it is found that the characteristic driven frequency increases linearly with the increase of the trapping frequency of the harmonic potential. When the initial phase is not equal to zero, the irregular oscillation, quasi-periodic oscillation, and periodic oscillation can be observed with the increase of driven frequency. When the driven frequency is equal to a specific value, the resonance of soliton oscillation can also obtained. Furthermore, the fast driving has no effect on the motion trajectory of solitons. These results can help to precisely control ultracold atomic gases.
This work is a continuation of our study [1], in which a two-scale analytical approach to the investigation of a soliton oscillon in a trap with rapidly oscillating walls has been developed. In terms of this approach, the solution to the equation of motion of the soliton center is sought as a series expansion in powers of a small parameter, which is a ratio of the intrinsic frequency of slow soliton oscillations to the frequency of fast trap wall oscillations. In [1], we have examined the case ε ≪ 1, in which, to describe the motion of the soliton, it is sufficient to restrict the consideration to the zero approximation of the sought solution. However, when the frequency of wall oscillations begins to decrease, while the parameter begins to increase, it is necessary to take into account corrections to the zero approximation. In this work, we have calculated corrections of the first and second orders in to this approximation. We have shown that, with an increase in, the role played by the corrections related to fast oscillations of the trap walls increases, which results in a complex shape of the envelope of oscillations of the soliton center. It follows from our calculations that, if the difference between the amplitudes of wall oscillations is not too large, the analytical solution of the equation of motion of the soliton center will coincide very well with the numerical solution. However, with an increase in this difference, as well as with a decrease in the wall oscillation frequency, the discrepancy between the numerical and analytical solutions generally begins to increase. Regimes of irregular oscillations of the soliton center arise. With a decrease in the frequency of wall oscillations, the instability boundary shows a tendency toward a smaller difference between the wall oscillation amplitudes. In general, this leads to enlargement of the range of irregular regimes. However, at the same time, stability windows can arise in this range in which the analytical and numerical solutions correlate rather well with each other. Our comparative analysis of the analytical and numerical solutions has allowed us not only to study their properties in detail, but also to draw conclusions on the limits of applicability of the analytical approach.
We report on the experimental realization of a Kapitza trap for ultracold atoms. Using time-periodic attractive and repulsive Gaussian potentials, we create an effective trap for ultracold neutral atoms in a regime where the time average of the potential is equal to zero. We analyze the role of experimental imperfections, the stability of the trapped atomic cloud, and the magnitude of the effective potential. We find good agreement with the high-frequency expansion of the underlying system dynamics. Our experimental approach opens up new possibilities to study Floquet systems of neutral atoms.
In this thesis we study, analytically and numerically, the dynamics of a bright matter-wave soliton formed from a Bose-Einstein condensate with attractive interatomic interactions, confined by a one dimensional harmonic or double-well trapping potential, and subject to weak periodic driving. Such systems have potential applications in metrology, specifically in the use of atom interferometers for high precision inertial and gravitational field sensing. The localised and dynamically robust nature of matter-wave solitons may help overcome limitations such as wavepacket spreading in current atom interferometry experiments. A typical matter-wave interferometer involves a condensate trapped in a double-well potential. Being able to manipulate the tunnelling behaviour of a matter-wave soliton in potentials such as a double-well would thus give greater control in setting up these experiments. This also has a bearing upon the broader problem of transport of matter-wave solitons across potential barriers. These are questions which are largely unanswered in the current literature. We understand the tunnelling behaviour of a matter-wave soliton in a driven double well potential by first studying the fundamental mechanisms by which energy is transferred to a soliton in a driven harmonic potential. In this way our work also contributes more generally to the problem of transport in driven potentials. Within the mean field approximation, we show that efficient energy transfer to the soliton occurs in two frequency regimes: on resonance with the trapping frequency and on resonance with the internal mode frequency of the soliton. The former regime is well described by modelling the soliton effectively as a rigid particle, and in this regime energy transfer occurs due to parametric driving. In the latter regime, the extended nature of the soliton is important and energy transfer occurs due to internal mode coupling: a coupling between the width oscillations of the soliton and its translational motion. We find that in this internal mode coupling regime the soliton is unstable to decay. We thus show that effective particle regime is the more promising for efficiently exciting a bright matter-wave soliton to tunnel across a potential barrier, while preserving its form.
Bose–Einstein condensates are formed when a bosonic gas is cooled to a temperature near absolute zero. When this occurs, quantum properties that are microscopic become macroscopic, facilitating their study. We have studied matter waves in the Gross–Pitaevskii equation subject to a trap Kapitza potential, which is a quantum analog of the classical inverse Kapitza pendulum. Since this specific system was recently experimentally realized with ultracold atoms for the first time, exploring the theoretical models of this system is, therefore, significant and up-to-date. To find the analytical solutions of the corresponding Gross–Pitaevskii equation with such potential, the extended hyperbolic tangent function method was chosen, which leads to soliton solutions. The new class of solutions found in this work, written in terms of Mathieu functions, was used to analyze the influence of the Kapitza potential free model parameters on the soliton dynamics within the condensate. These mainly include dark and dark-bright solitons. Our findings suggest that there are specific classes of parameters of the system for which bright solitons do not exist.
We experimentally study the dynamics of weakly interacting Bose-Einstein condensates of cesium atoms in a 1D optical lattice with a periodic driving force. After a sudden start of the driving we observe the formation of stable wave packets at the center of the first Brillouin zone (BZ) in momentum space, and we interpret these as Floquet solitons in periodically driven systems. The wave packets become unstable when we add a trapping potential along the lattice direction leading to a redistribution of atoms within the BZ. The concept of a negative effective mass and the resulting changes to the interaction strength and effective trapping potential are used to explain the stability and the time evolution of the wave packets. We expect that similar states of matter waves exist for discrete breathers and other types of lattice solitons in periodically driven systems.
We experimentally study the dynamics of weakly interacting Bose-Einstein condensates of cesium atoms in a 1D optical lattice with a periodic driving force. After a sudden start of the driving, we observe the formation of stable wave packets at the center of the first Brillouin zone (BZ) in momentum space, and we interpret these as Floquet solitons in periodically driven systems. The wave packets become unstable when we add a trapping potential along the lattice direction, leading to a redistribution of atoms within the BZ. The concept of a negative effective mass and the resulting changes to the interaction strength and effective trapping potential are used to explain the stability and the time evolution of the wave packets. We expect that similar states of matter waves exist for discrete breathers and other types of lattice solitons in periodically driven systems.