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Components and Packaging for Laser Systems

Integrated photonic devices for quantum systems

Paul Adrian Morton

Published Mar 21, 2025• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Infleqtion is a leader in Neutral Atom Quantum Systems, with a rich history in quantum systems research and the sale of UHV Quantum Cores across the quantum market (formerly as ColdQuanta). Infleqtion is pioneering the commercialization of neutral atom quantum systems, including its Optical Atomic Clock, ‘Tiqker,’ Quantum Computing system, ‘Sqale’, as well as Quantum-RF (SqyWire) and Quantum-Inertial sensing systems. Future Infleqtion quantum products will rely on photonic integrated circuits (PICs) for miniaturization, high-volume low-cost manufacturing, reliability, and ruggedization. PICs will replace the large and expensive lab-quality laser systems, precise frequency control, and atom-addressing methods used in current quantum systems, enabling a 10x to 10,000x reduction in cost, size, weight, and power (C-SWaP). This will allow systems to transition from research labs to data centers, mobile, and aerospace platforms. While neutral atoms in UHV cells or warm vapor cells form the core of Infleqtion’s quantum systems, over 90% of these systems’ size and cost are from photonics components, similar to telecom/datacom fiber-optic systems. Consequently, the nascent quantum systems industry may follow a similar trajectory to the telecom/datacom industry, evolving from research on large optical tables, to racks of interconnected photonic components, and eventually to systems comprising a Quantum Core and high-performance PICs. These PICs will use the Silicon Photonics platform, leveraging decades of investment and advancements in Silicon CMOS technology, utilizing the same foundry processes used to manufacture today’s CPUs and GPUs. They will provide the majority of components needed for future neutral atom Quantum Computers and Sensors.

DOI
10.1117/12.3049278

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Infleqtion is a leader in Neutral Atom Quantum Systems, with a rich history in quantum systems research and the sale of UHV Quantum Cores across the quantum market (formerly as ColdQuanta). Infleqtion is pioneering the commercialization of neutral atom quantum systems, including its Optical Atomic Clock, ‘Tiqker,’ Quantum Computing system, ‘Sqale’, as well as Quantum-RF (SqyWire) and Quantum-Inertial sensing systems. Future Infleqtion quantum products will rely on photonic integrated circuits (PICs) for miniaturization, high-volume low-cost manufacturing, reliability, and ruggedization. PICs will replace the large and expensive lab-quality laser systems, precise frequency control, and atom-addressing methods used in current quantum systems, enabling a 10x to 10,000x reduction in cost, size, weight, and power (C-SWaP). This will allow systems to transition from research labs to data centers, mobile, and aerospace platforms. While neutral atoms in UHV cells or warm vapor cells form the core of Infleqtion’s quantum systems, over 90% of these systems’ size and cost are from photonics components, similar to telecom/datacom fiber-optic systems. Consequently, the nascent quantum systems industry may follow a similar trajectory to the telecom/datacom industry, evolving from research on large optical tables, to racks of interconnected photonic components, and eventually to systems comprising a Quantum Core and high-performance PICs. These PICs will use the Silicon Photonics platform, leveraging decades of investment and advancements in Silicon CMOS technology, utilizing the same foundry processes used to manufacture today’s CPUs and GPUs. They will provide the majority of components needed for future neutral atom Quantum Computers and Sensors.
Quantum technology is critical for the next generation of computing, communication, sensing, and time-keeping devices. Systems utilizing atomic media are compelling and leading candidates for each application, and vacuum cells are at the core. Compact vacuum hardware is critical to enabling performance improvements and reduction in the size, weight, and power (SWaP) of the overall system. Infleqtion has designed and produced novel and compact vacuum cells for the next generation of quantum-atomic systems. Vacuum hardware ranging from ultra-high vacuum (UHV) to warm vapor cells are constructed with adhesive-free methods to routinely enable high atomic and vacuum level performance at a fraction of the size of traditional vacuum systems. Cells are constructed with a wide range of materials including glass, semiconductors, metals, and ceramics. Scalable manufacturing practices are applied to vacuum cell design and construction to support the growing quantum technology market in position, navigation, and timing (PNT), and quantum information applications. Infleqtion's in-situ bonding stations have demonstrated key building blocks for vacuum cell production at scale. Cell assembly techniques that enable future integration of photonic waveguides and active photonic elements provides a clear path to manufacturing core quantum components at scale for the Quantum Ecosystem.
Quantum sensors have the potential to transform numerous applications across a broad range of fields from precision timing to electro-magnetic field sensing, medical imaging, gravimetry, to inertial sensing. Despite promising performances in laboratory experiments, quantum sensors have yet to be widely deployed in real-world applications at large scale. The large-scale adoption of quantum sensors has been hampered by the high SWaP-c and their sensitivity to environmental factors. Photonic integrated circuits have emerged as an enabling technology for quantum sensors to reduce SWaP-c, enhance fieldability, and add enhanced functionality. Honeywell has developed state-of-the-art capabilities in Silicon Nitride (SiN) and other photonics platforms, to enable low-swap quantum sensors ranging from atomic clocks, Rydberg electromagnetic field sensors, and NV diamond magnetometers among others. In this talk we will give an overview of how Honeywell is using photonic integrated circuits to enable a variety of quantum sensing and timing technologies for aerospace applications. Low-loss SiN waveguides can be used to deliver light to the quantum system in a compact form factor, produce high Q-optical cavities for narrow-linewidth lasers, tunably filter frequency components, or to generate optical combs. Mode-matched edge couplers can efficiently transfer light from fiberto- chip or chip-to-chip. Other photonic platforms such as diamond or thin-film lithium niobate (TFLN) can be integrated with a SiN platform in either hybrid or heterogenous configurations to enable quantum magnetometry and laser frequency tuning or modulation in ultra-compact form factors. We will discuss the advantages and remaining challenges for using photonic integrated circuits to advance quantum sensors to the point where they can be adopted in mainstream applications.
Quantum computing shows great potential in solving highly complex computational challenges in multiple applications, including artificial intelligence, chemical modelling, biology simulation, portfolio optimization, drug delivery, logistical planning, etc. Quantum networking can enable secure communication as well as scalable interconnects of multiple quantum processing units. We need to scale up the number of high-quality qubits and make quantum systems more compact, robust, and lower cost to further improve the performance of quantum computing and networking. Photonic integrated circuits (PICs) can play a significant role in reducing the size, improving the stability, and reducing the system bring-up time of optical subsystems. QuEra’s recent progress shows the potential of leveraging PICs as a viable solution to facilitate the builds of highly scalable and high-performance quantum computers [1]. These results position integrated photonics as a critical enabling technology for next-generation large-scale quantum systems and invite broader participation from the photonics community in advancing quantum technologies with significant industrial impact.
High-fidelity control of the thousands to millions of programmable qubits needed for utility-scale quantum computers presents a formidable challenge for control systems. In leading atomic systems, control is optical: UV-NIR beams must be fanned out over numerous spatial channels and modulated to implement gates. While photonic integrated circuits (PICs) offer a potentially scalable solution, they also need to simultaneously feature high-speed and high-extinction modulation, strong inter-channel isolation, and broad wavelength compatibility. Here, we introduce and experimentally validate a foundry-fabricated PIC platform that overcomes these limitations. Designed for Rubidium-87 neutral atom quantum computers, our 8-channel PICs, fabricated on a 200-mm wafer process, demonstrate an advanced combination of performance metrics. At the 795 nm single-qubit gate wavelength, we achieve a mean extinction ratio (ER) of 71.4 ±\pm± 1.1 dB, nearest-neighbor on-chip crosstalk of -68.0 ±\pm± 1.0 dB, and -50.8 ±\pm± 0.2 dB after parallel beam delivery in free-space. This high-performance operation extends to the 420 nm and 1013 nm wavelengths for two-qubit Rydberg gates, showing ERs of 42.4 dB (detector-limited) and 61.5 dB, respectively. The devices exhibit 10-90% rise times of 26 ±\pm± 7 ns, achieve dynamic switching to -60 dB levels within microsecond timescales, and show pulse stability errors at the 10−310^{-3}10−3 level. This work establishes a scalable platform for developing advanced large-scale optical control required in fault-tolerant quantum computers and other precision technologies.
A century ago the first quantum revolution defined our understanding of atomic and subatomic physics. A few decades later this understanding lead to a technological revolution where the semiconductor, the laser, and the optical technologies that enable our current digital information age were created. Today, quantum research is primed for the next revolution in systems technology; ‘Quantum 2.0’ promises solutions for unhackable communications (quantum cryptography), navigation and sensing (atomic clocks), and solving complex analytical problems at the speed of light (quantum computing). In Quantum 2.0, photonics represents a stable and established technology platform upon which new quantum systems can be built. Photonics enables the generation of new wavelengths for interaction of light and matter, single photons and integrated optical circuits for quantum information processing, and optical fibre networks for the long-haul transmission of quantum information. For commercial adoption, photonics will provide an important interface between emerging quantum products and our existing telecoms networks and digital infrastructure. At the University of Southampton we are developing new manufacturing technologies in silica-on-silicon and periodically-poled lithium niobate to enable the fabrication of scalable integrated optical components as the building blocks of Quantum 2.0; in particular our focus is the development of processes suitable for transfer and adoption by industry. We will report on our progress in this area and discuss recent results enabled by our devices.
Photonic integrated circuits (PICs) play an important role in telecom and datacom applications. While in the past integrated transceivers were the main driver for technological advances in integrated photonics, nowadays PICs are emerging in various other fields, such as sensing, high-performance computing, quantum technologies, and more [1]. Various material platforms for PICs have been developed and successfully utilized, like III-V semiconductors (InP, GaAs), silicon-based materials (Si, Si3N4, SiO2), lithium niobate (LiNbO3), polymers and others.