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Integrated Optics: Devices, Materials, and Technologies

Cascaded DOEs for optical information encryption

Yanqiu Li, Lei Zheng, Reinhard Caspary, Bernhard Roth

Published Mar 19, 2025• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

We propose an optical information encryption approach using azimuth multiplexing, encoding images in cascaded Diffractive Optical Elements (DOEs) with different rotation angles. While the approach works well in simulations, its experimental realization is challenging due to the sensitivity to positional shifts in DOEs. We aim to overcome these issues by enhancing shift tolerance. In this work, four different patterns were encrypted into cascaded DOEs designed using the proposed algorithm. The encrypted pattern can be correctly decrypted when the rotation angle of the first DOE is shifted by 0.5°from the designed rotation angle, indicating that it has a large shift tolerance. This approach is expected to facilitate the experimental realization of the complex optical image encryption system which will be tackled in the next step.

DOI
10.1117/12.3041198

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We propose an optical information encryption approach using azimuth multiplexing, encoding images in cascaded Diffractive Optical Elements (DOEs) with different rotation angles. While the approach works well in simulations, its experimental realization is challenging due to the sensitivity to positional shifts in DOEs. We aim to overcome these issues by enhancing shift tolerance. In this work, four different patterns were encrypted into cascaded DOEs designed using the proposed algorithm. The encrypted pattern can be correctly decrypted when the rotation angle of the first DOE is shifted by 0.5°from the designed rotation angle, indicating that it has a large shift tolerance. This approach is expected to facilitate the experimental realization of the complex optical image encryption system which will be tackled in the next step.
Cascaded diffractive optical elements (DOEs) introduce additional degrees of freedom compared to a single DOE, providing an effective platform for rotation-angle multiplexed optical information encryption. However, cascaded DOE-based image reconstruction is highly sensitive to rotation misalignment, which limits its robustness in practical implementations. From a design perspective, this limitation arises from the insufficient utilization of the phase degrees of freedom provided by cascaded DOE. In this work, a double phase update algorithm is proposed for cascaded DOE design, in which all DOEs participate in phase updating during the iterative process. By more effectively exploiting the available phase degrees of freedom, the proposed method significantly enlarges the rotation tolerance while maintaining comparable reconstruction quality. Numerical simulations demonstrate that the rotation tolerance is extended from 1.21° to 2.78°, corresponding to an improvement of approximately 130%. These results indicate that the proposed design strategy provides an effective approach for improving the robustness of cascaded DOE-based optical information encryption.
We report a simultaneous image compression and encryption scheme based on solving a typical optical inverse problem. The secret images to be processed are multiplexed as the input intensities of a cascaded diffractive optical system. At the output plane, a compressed complex-valued data with a lot fewer measurements can be obtained by utilizing error-reduction phase retrieval algorithm. The magnitude of the output image can serve as the final ciphertext while its phase serves as the decryption key. Therefore the compression and encryption are simultaneously completed without additional encoding and filtering operations. The proposed strategy can be straightforwardly applied to the existing optical security systems that involve diffraction and interference. Numerical simulations are performed to demonstrate the validity and security of the proposal.
The majority of contemporary optical encryption techniques use coherent illumination and suffer from speckle-noise pollution, which severely limits their applicability even when information encoded into special "containers" such as a QR code. Spatially incoherent encryption does not have this drawback, but it suffers from reduced encryption strength due to formation of an unobscured image right on top of the encrypted one by undiffracted light from the encoding diffraction optical element (DOE) in axial configuration. We present a new lensless encryption scheme, experimentally implemented with two liquid crystal spatial light modulators, that does not have this disadvantage because of a special encoding DOE design, which forms desired light distribution in the photosensor plane under spherically diverging illumination without a converging lens. Results of optical experiments on encryption of QR codes and successful information retrieval from decoded images are presented. Conducted analysis of encryption strength demonstrates sufficiently high key sensitivity and large enough key space to resist any brute force attacks.
A technique that combines the high speed and the high security of optical encryption with the advantages of electronic transmission, storage, and decryption is introduced. Digital phase-shifting interferometry is used for efficient recording of phase and amplitude information with an intensity recording device. The encryption is performed by use of two random phase codes, one in the object plane and another in the Fresnel domain, providing high security in the encrypted image and a key with many degrees of freedom. We describe how our technique can be adapted to encrypt either the Fraunhofer or the Fresnel diffraction pattern of the input. Electronic decryption can be performed with a one-step fast Fourier transform reconstruction procedure. Experimental results for both systems including a lensless setup are shown.
A novel interference-based multiple-image encryption method with high encryption capacity was proposed by position and wavelength multiplexing.For encryption,the original images to be encrypted were divided into two groups,and each group of target images was analytically hidden into two phase only masks by position multiplexing.Subsequently the obtained four phase only masks were further merged into two diffractive phase elements by wavelength multiplexing.The encryption process did not need iterative algorithm and should be implemented digitally,while the decryption process could be performed both digitally and optically.The encryption capacity of the system was evaluated with correlation coefficient,and it was shown that the capacity was greatly improved due to the introduction of both position and wavelength multiplexing.In addition,the robustness of the proposal against noise and occlusion was also investigated,and the results indicated that the proposal is of high robust against noise attack but a little vulnerable to occlusion attack.
A hybrid encryption and decryption technique for optical information security is proposed. In this method, the iterative Fourier transform algorithm is employed to optimize the encrypted hologram and the decryption key as binary phase-only diffractive optical elements, which were fabricated by electron-beam lithography. In a simple optical setup, the optical decryption is implemented by superimposing the encrypted hologram and the decryption key. Numerical simulation and optical experiment confirm the proposed technique as a simple and easy implementation for optical decryption.