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Advanced Photonics Research

Highly Efficient Biphoton Generation from Thin Dense Atomic Ensemble

Heewoo Kim, Hansol Jeong, Han Seb Moon

Published Mar 17, 2025• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

Hybrid photonic quantum networks require photonic quantum states generated from different systems, such as atoms and quantum dots. Photonic quantum sources based on atomic ensembles are excellent candidates due to their brightness, low noise, and narrowband characteristics. Herein, a new platform for a highly efficient biphoton source is presented using a thin, dense atomic medium from a hot 1 mm‐long chip‐scale Cs atomic vapor cell. Strongly correlated bright biphotons are generated via spontaneous four‐wave mixing from a dense atomic ensemble based on the 6S1/2–6P3/2–6D5/2 transition of 133Cs. Biphoton source achieves a detected biphoton count rate of 100 kilo‐counts per second, a heralding efficiency of 15%, and a maximum normalized crosscorrelation function value of 100 between the signal and idler photons, despite the low detector efficiency of a silicon avalanche photodetector being less than 25% at 917 nm. Herein, the maximal violation of the Cauchy–Schwarz inequality by a factor greater than 106 at a pump power of 1 μW is obtained. The scheme for a highly efficient photon source is believed to be useful for scalable quantum networks.

DOI
10.1002/adpr.202400214

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Hybrid photonic quantum networks require photonic quantum states generated from different systems, such as atoms and quantum dots. Photonic quantum sources based on atomic ensembles are excellent candidates due to their brightness, low noise, and narrowband characteristics. Herein, a new platform for a highly efficient biphoton source is presented using a thin, dense atomic medium from a hot 1 mm‐long chip‐scale Cs atomic vapor cell. Strongly correlated bright biphotons are generated via spontaneous four‐wave mixing from a dense atomic ensemble based on the 6S1/2–6P3/2–6D5/2 transition of 133Cs. Biphoton source achieves a detected biphoton count rate of 100 kilo‐counts per second, a heralding efficiency of 15%, and a maximum normalized crosscorrelation function value of 100 between the signal and idler photons, despite the low detector efficiency of a silicon avalanche photodetector being less than 25% at 917 nm. Herein, the maximal violation of the Cauchy–Schwarz inequality by a factor greater than 106 at a pump power of 1 μW is obtained. The scheme for a highly efficient photon source is believed to be useful for scalable quantum networks.
The realization of a narrowband photonic quantum source based on an atomic device is considered essential in the practical development of photonic quantum information science and technology. In this study, we present the first step toward the development of a photon-pair source based on a microfabricated Cs atomic vapor cell. Time-correlated photon pairs from the millimeter-scale Cs vapor cell are emitted via the spontaneous four-wave mixing process of the cascade-type 6S1/2–6P3/2–8S1/2 transition of 133Cs. The maximum normalized cross-correlation value between the signal and idler photons is measured as 622(8) under a weak pump power of 10 µ;W. Our photon source violates the Cauchy–Schwartz inequality by a factor of >105. We believe that our approach has very important applications in the context of realizing practical scalable quantum networks based on atom–photon interactions.
Abstract The realization of a narrowband photonic quantum source based on a chip-scale atomic device is considered essential in the practical development of photonic quantum information science and technology. In this study, we present the first step toward the development of a photon-pair source based on a microfabricated chip-scale Cs atomic vapor cell. Time-correlated photon pairs from the millimeter-scale Cs vapor cell are emitted via the spontaneous four-wave mixing process of the cascade-type 6S1/2–6P3/2–8S1/2 transition of 133Cs. The maximum normalized cross-correlation value between the signal and idler photons is measured as 622(8) under a weak pump power of 10 mW. Our photon source violates the Cauchy–Schwartz inequality by a factor of >105. We believe that our approach has very important applications in the context of realizing practical scalable quantum networks based on atom–photon interactions.
We demonstrate the generation of high-quality narrowband biphotons from a Doppler-broadened hot rubidium atomic vapor cell. Choosing a double-Λ atomic energy level scheme for optimizing both spontaneous four-wave mixing nonlinear parametric interaction and electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT), we achieve a biphoton spectral brightness as high as 14 000 s−1 MHz−1. Meanwhile, we apply a spatially tailored optical pumping beam for reduction of the Raman noise and obtain a violation of the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality by a factor of 1023.
Abstract Telecom‐band quantum light sources are critical to the development of long‐distance quantum communication technologies. A high‐performance telecom‐wavelength biphoton source from a hot 87 Rb atomic vapor cell is reported. Time‐correlated biphotons are generated from the cascade‐type 5S 1/2 –5P 3/2 –4D 5/2 transition of 87 Rb via a spontaneous four‐wave mixing process. The maximum value of biphoton cross‐correlation to be 44(3) is achieved, under the condition of a high optical depth of 112(3), including two‐photon absorption, with a spectral width of approximately 300 MHz. The coincidence count rate of biphoton is estimated to be of the order of 38 000 cps mW −1 . It is believed that the telecom‐wavelength biphoton source from an atomic vapor cell can be applied in long‐distance quantum networks and practical quantum repeaters based on atom–photon interactions.
We report on a source of narrowband pairs of time-correlated photons generated via four-wave mixing in a laser-cooled atomic ensemble of87Rb atoms. We employ a cascade decay level scheme in which two copropagating pump beams of 780nm and 776nm excite the atoms to the 5D3/2, F = 3 level and the photon pairs of wavelength 762nm and 795nm from the cascade decay are coupled into single mode fibers and sent to silicon avalanche photodetectors. The photodetection events exhibit a strong correlation in time (g(2)(τ = 0) ≈ 5800), and a high coupling efficiency, as indicated by a pair-to-single ratio of 23%. An instantaneous pair generation rate of 7700 pairs per second (uncompensated for optical losses and detector efficiency) is observed with an increased 776nm pump power of 14mW. The violation of the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality by a factor of 8.4 × 106indicates a strong non-classical correlation between the generated fields, while a Hanbury-Brown-Twiss experiment in the individual photons reveals their thermal nature.