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Vacuum and Surface Science

Fundamental Technologies for Silicon Quantum Computers

Tetsuo Kodera

Published Mar 9, 2025• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Silicon quantum computers are still in the early stages of development. It is expected that mature semiconductor technology will be applied in the future, and large-scale integration will progress. In this paper, after explaining the operating principles of silicon qubit devices, the current status of research and development on increasing the fidelity and integration of qubits is introduced. Future challenges and prospects are also discussed.

DOI
10.1380/vss.68.149

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Silicon quantum computers are still in the early stages of development. It is expected that mature semiconductor technology will be applied in the future, and large-scale integration will progress. In this paper, after explaining the operating principles of silicon qubit devices, the current status of research and development on increasing the fidelity and integration of qubits is introduced. Future challenges and prospects are also discussed.
We review current status, prospects and challenges facing the realization of quantum processors based on silicon quantum dots. This platform represents an attractive pathway to full-scale quantum computing because of the long spin qubit coherence times available in silicon and its compatibility with CMOS manufacturing. Current benchmarks for qubit fidelity are discussed and processor architecture options presented. Key aspects determining the prospects for scaling to the millions of qubits required for fault-tolerant quantum computing are considered, including wiring overheads, quantum interconnects and processor operation temperature.
Quantum computers are based on the theory of quantum mechanics, and their powerful parallel data processing capability is expected to solve many mathematical problems that too are difficult to be handled by classical computers. Especially with the increase of data processing volume, the quantum advantage is more obvious. Among the many physical systems for quantum computers, superconducting quantum circuit and semiconductor quantum dot computers show amazing potential due to their compatibility with traditional integrated circuit process technology and ultrashort gating time of nanoseconds. Superconducting qubits consisting of Josephson junctions and superconducting coplanar capacitors are easily integrated into a large scale for their simple circuit structure and conventional semiconductor process compatibility. Semiconductor qubits made from isotopically purified silicon (Si)-based materials greatly suppress nuclear spin noise, and decoherence times of ultralong milliseconds can be achieved. In this article, we systematically describe the challenges faced by superconducting qubits and semiconductor qubits in hot issues such as error correction and decoherence and look into the future development of superconducting quantum computers and Si-based semiconductor quantum computers.
Semiconductors, a significant type of material in the information era, are becoming more and more powerful in the field of quantum information. In recent decades, semiconductor quantum computation was investigated thoroughly across the world and developed with a dramatically fast speed. The research varied from initialization, control and readout of qubits, to the architecture of fault-tolerant quantum computing. Here, we first introduce the basic ideas for quantum computing, and then discuss the developments of single- and two-qubit gate control in semiconductors. Up to now, the qubit initialization, control and readout can be realized with relatively high fidelity and a programmable two-qubit quantum processor has even been demonstrated. However, to further improve the qubit quality and scale it up, there are still some challenges to resolve such as the improvement of the readout method, material development and scalable designs. We discuss these issues and introduce the forefronts of progress. Finally, considering the positive trend of the research on semiconductor quantum devices and recent theoretical work on the applications of quantum computation, we anticipate that semiconductor quantum computation may develop fast and will have a huge impact on our lives in the near future.
Quantum computing is an emerging computational paradigm that uses the principles of quantum mechanics, including superposition, entanglement, and quantum interference, to process information in fundamentally different ways from classical computers. During the last decade, quantum computing has progressed from theoretical research toward experimental and cloud-accessible systems. Recent developments have focused on increasing the number and quality of qubits, reducing gate errors, developing quantum error correction, improving quantum software, and integrating quantum processors with classical high-performance computing systems. Despite significant progress, practical large-scale quantum computing remains challenging because quantum states are extremely sensitive to environmental disturbances, resulting in decoherence and computational errors. Other challenges include limited qubit coherence time, gate fidelity, scalability, cryogenic requirements, quantum error correction overhead, hardware connectivity, programming complexity, and the difficulty of demonstrating useful quantum advantage for real-world applications. Recent developments from major research organizations indicate a shift from simply increasing physical qubit counts toward building reliable logical qubits and fault-tolerant quantum systems. Google has reported progress toward error-corrected logical qubits, while IBM\\\'s roadmap focuses on increasingly complex processors, modular architectures, quantum-classical integration, and fault-tolerant systems. Microsoft is pursuing a topological-qubit approach aimed at scalable quantum computing. This paper reviews the current state of quantum computing, examines major technological and scientific challenges, analyzes current research directions, and identifies future opportunities in drug discovery, materials science, optimization, cryptography, artificial intelligence, finance, and scientific simulation. The study concludes that the most realistic future is likely to involve quantum-centric computing, in which quantum processors work together with classical CPUs, GPUs, high-performance computing systems, and quantum networks rather than completely replacing classical computers.
Complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology has radically reshaped the world by taking humanity to the digital age. Cramming more transistors into the same physical space has enabled an exponential increase in computational performance, a strategy that has been recently hampered by the increasing complexity and cost of miniaturization. To continue achieving significant gains in computing performance, new computing paradigms, such as quantum computing, must be developed. However, finding the optimal physical system to process quantum information, and scale it up to the large number of qubits necessary to build a general-purpose quantum computer, remains a significant challenge. Recent breakthroughs in nanodevice engineering have shown that qubits can now be manufactured in a similar fashion to silicon field-effect transistors, opening an opportunity to leverage the know-how of the CMOS industry to address the scaling challenge. In this article, we focus on the analysis of the scaling prospects of quantum computing systems based on CMOS technology.