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IEEE Spectrum

The Coming Quantum Boom: A Century After Quantum Mechanics Was Described, a Vibrant Industry Blooms

Harry Goldstein

Published Mar 1, 2025• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Why build an industry around a scale that cuts across established verticals? This question occurred to me on a long flight to Paris, to attend the opening ceremony of the 2025 International Year of Quantum Science and Technology, at UNESCO headquarters last month. I was part of an IEEE delegation led by 2025 IEEE President Kathleen Kramer. The event celebrated the 100th anniversary of several seminal quantum-science publications including Wolfgang Pauli's paper on his exclusion principle and Werner Heisenberg's “Quantum-Theoretical Re-interpretation of Kinematic and Mechanical Relations.”

DOI
10.1109/mspec.2025.10918585

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High Resolution Image Download MS PowerPoint Slide In July 1925, Werner Heisenberg submitted a paper to Zeitschrift für Physik entitled ‘On quantum-theoretical reinterpretation of kinematic and mechanical relationships’, thus giving birth to quantum mechanics. In the following year, building on de Broglie’s wave-particle duality, Erwin Schrödinger developed wave mechanics, and soon, Max Born provided a probabilistic interpretation of the wave function. The theory was further enriched by the exclusion principle of Wolfgang Pauli and the uncertainty principle of Heisenberg, which ultimately led to the development of relativistic quantum mechanics by Dirac. The Copenhagen Interpretation created a probabilistic framework for understanding the theory. Over the past century, quantum mechanics has paved the way for advances in quantum field theory, computing, and modern technologies. This historical narrative provides insights into the complex discovery process that led to the development of quantum mechanics, which can potentially guide novel breakthroughs amid challenging conceptual struggles, as seen in the field of artificial intelligence today.