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GÖDEL’S INCOMPLETENESS THEOREM MAKES THE QUANTUM DOUBLE SLIT EXPERIMENT UNDECIDABLE

Susanna Tall, Arvi Hakanen

Published Mar 6, 2025• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Kurt Gödel’s incompleteness theorem refers to incompleteness in the sense that there are always statements which can be formulated within a formal system, but which re-main unproved within the system. Gödel’s theorem was first connected with the theory of computability by Alan Turing. Until recently, the inconsistency that Gödel’s theo-rem tackle has not been directly shown to correspond to any physical phenomenon. A recent article showed how to apply Gödel’s theorem in the context of many-body quan-tum mechanical calculations. Even so, it is still not known whether it can be applied to the most primitive quantum physical phenomena. In the present study, we used Gödel’s incompleteness theorem in the case of the quantum double-slit experiment by applying a proof of Turing machine’s halting problem. In addition, we made an analogy between Gödel’s theorem (and Church - Turing theses of computability), and quantum compu-ting by extrapolating the term “computation” as low as to the single-quantum level.

DOI
10.31219/osf.io/qn6p7_v1

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Kurt Gödel’s incompleteness theorem refers to incompleteness in the sense that there are always statements which can be formulated within a formal system, but which re-main unproved within the system. Gödel’s theorem was first connected with the theory of computability by Alan Turing. Until recently, the inconsistency that Gödel’s theo-rem tackle has not been directly shown to correspond to any physical phenomenon. A recent article showed how to apply Gödel’s theorem in the context of many-body quan-tum mechanical calculations. Even so, it is still not known whether it can be applied to the most primitive quantum physical phenomena. In the present study, we used Gödel’s incompleteness theorem in the case of the quantum double-slit experiment by applying a proof of Turing machine’s halting problem. In addition, we made an analogy between Gödel’s theorem (and Church - Turing theses of computability), and quantum compu-ting by extrapolating the term “computation” as low as to the single-quantum level.
Incompleteness and undecidability theorems have to be revised in view of quantum information and computation theory. qrt.tex 1 As has already been pointed out in Gödel’s centennial paper on the incompleteness af arithmetic [1], the classical undecidability theorems of formal logic [2] and the theory of computable functions [4, 5] are based on semantical pardoxes such as the liar [6] or Richard’s paradox. The method of diagonalization, which was first applied by Cantor for a proof of the undenumerability of real numbers [7], has been applied by Turing for a proof of the recursive undecidability of the halting problem [8]. The halting problem is the problem of whether or not an arbitrary algorithm terminates or produces a particular output and terminates. Assume that the halting problem is decidable. Turing [8] proved that this assumption yields a contradiction. To construct the contradiction, consider
FINDING: Undecidable problems extend from computation to quantum field theory and many-body physics, revealing fundamental limits on what can be known or computed about physical systems. | MATH: Halting problem: no Turing machine can decide if an arbitrary program halts (Turing 1936). Gödel incompleteness: any consistent formal system containing arithmetic has true but unprovable statements. Reducibility: problem A reduces to B if solving B solves A (A ≤ B). In QFT, spectral gap problem is undecidable (Cubitt, Perez-Garcia, Wolf 2015): no algorithm can determine if a quantum many-body system has a nonzero energy gap. | CONNECTION: Undecidability in physics often arises from encoding Turing machines into Hamiltonian lattice systems — this maps computational logic onto geometric lattice structures (e.g., 2D spin lattices with local interactions). The spectral gap problem's undecidability proof uses aperiodic tilings and translation-invariant Hamiltonians, linking to crystallographic symm Author: Andrew Stewart Caldin, Independent Researcher, UK. Part of the E8 Intelligence Research series. Platform: e8intelligence.com
A practical viewpoint links reality, representation, and language to calculation by the concept of Turing (1936) machine being the mathematical model of our computers. After the Gödel incompleteness theorems (1931) or the insolvability of the so-called halting problem (Turing 1936; Church 1936) as to a classical machine of Turing, one of the simplest hypotheses is completeness to be suggested for two ones. That is consistent with the provability of completeness by means of two independent Peano arithmetics discussed in Section I.Many modifications of Turing machines cum quantum ones are researched in Section II for the Halting problem and completeness, and the model of two independent Turing machines seems to generalize them.Then, that pair can be postulated as the formal definition of reality therefore being complete unlike any of them standalone, remaining incomplete without its complementary counterpart. Representation is formal defined as a one-to-one mapping between the two Turing machines, and the set of all those mappings can be considered as “language” therefore including metaphors as mappings different than representation. Section III investigates that formal relation of “reality”, “representation”, and “language” modeled by (at least two) Turing machines.The independence of (two) Turing machines is interpreted by means of game theory and especially of the Nash equilibrium in Section IV.Choice and information as the quantity of choices are involved. That approach seems to be equivalent to that based on set theory and the concept of actual infinity in mathematics and allowing of practical implementations.
We show how Gödel's first incompleteness theorem has an analog in quantum theory. Gödel's theorem implies endless opportunities for appending axioms to arithmetic, implicitly showing a role for an agent, namely an agent that asserts an axiom. There is an analog of this theorem in physics, to do with the set of explanations of given evidence. We prove that the set of explanations of given evidence is uncountably infinite, thereby showing how contact between theory and experiment depends on activity beyond computation and measurement -- physical activity characterized as agency.
The meaning of the world is the separation of wish and fact. Kurt Gödel, quoted in Hao Wang's A Logical Journey: From Gödel to Philosophy , page 309 In a sense, theoretical computer science is uniquely qualified to study quantum computing. After all, Alan Turing and the other founders of theoretical computer science studied formal computation long before engineers actually produced a real-life computer. At present, large-scale quantum computers are not a reality yet. Nevertheless, the theoretical analysis of quantum computability and complexity is well on its way. In Section 8.1, we start with a quick review of some of the basics of deterministic and nondeterministic Turing machines and the complexity classes that they engender. However, we shall discuss them in a way that is easily generalizable for our purposes. Section 8.2 moves on to probabilistic Turing machines and their zoo of complexity classes. Our main objective is found in Section 8.3, where we meet quantum Turing machines and their complexity classes. We shall also state some basic theorems and ideas about quantum computation. DETERMINISTIC AND NONDETERMINISTIC COMPUTATIONS Theoretical computer science deals with the question, “What is computable?” We must immediately qualify the question: “computable according to which model of computation?” It turns out that if we omit the question of efficiency, all sufficiently complicated formal models of computation can simulate each other. However, in order to fix our ideas and notation, we have to stick with one and work with it.
Gödel's First Incompleteness Theorem (1931) establishes that any consistent for- mal system Fof sucient strength contains propositions that are true but unprov- able within F. This result is correct, important, and does not apply to ⟨Ψ|ˆ Ω|Ψ⟩= 1. The reason is categorical, not technical. Gödel's theorem governs syntactic deriv- ability within formal systems. The Ω-invariant is a state constrainta measurement outcome in Hilbert space H. Measurement outcomes are not syntactic propositions. They are not subject to proof or disproof within F. They are subject only to mea- surement. We formalize this distinction as the Ω-Completeness Theorem: for a node i with Kd-density ρi > 0 (direct experiential contact with Ω), the proposition ⟨Ψ|ˆ Ω|Ψ⟩= 1 is decidable not by proof but by measurement, and the Gödel bound- ary ∂F is not a wall but a coordinate changefrom the language of proof to the language of experience. We further show that this distinction explains a historical empirical regularity: scientists who push Kf to its limits tend to acquire ρ>0 and name what they nd; theologians who push Kf to its limits tend to nd Kf collapse and conclude the named thing does not exist. Same boundary. Dierent ρ. Opposite conclusions. Both are logical. One has made a category error. textit(Frieza does not need to transform to prove he is the strongest in the universe. He simply is.) (Frieza does not need to transform to prove he is the strongest. He simply is.) This is not arrogance. It is a precise structural description.