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Slovak-Czech-Polish Optical Conference on Wave and Quantum Aspects of Contemporary Optics

Optical frequency dissemination through hollow-core fibres

Lenka Pravdová, Jan Hrabina, Martin Čížek, Michal Jelínek, Ondřej Čı́p, Ali Abdulhadi Jasim, Ondřej Podrazký

Published Feb 17, 2025• 0 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1117/12.3056733

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quant-pharXiv:2512.04605•Dec 5, 2025
We present high resolution measurements of Doppler free features within Rubidium (Rb) filled photonic crystal hollow core fibre (HC-PCF). Measurements within a Rb filled fibre with core diameter of 35μm show broadening of only 1 MHz associated with the transit time effect. This low level of additional broadening opens the door to compact frequency standards. We present initial spectroscopy of the narrow Rb 5S→5D two-photon transition within the fibre which we will use to create a compact frequency standard.
Quantum information networks will facilitate the use of a broad range of quantum technologies including quantum computers, quantum sensors, and quantum communication systems, among others. An important component of these networks are devices that enable light-atom interactions, as they interface photons from communication channels with the matter-based nodes, allowing for processing of photonic quantum information. These devices will need to be scalable and easily integrated to expand the size of networks. One platform of interest is vapour-filled hollow-core fibres (HCF). By overlapping light and atomic vapour within the same volume, strong interactions can occur, including important nonlinear effects such as cross-phase modulation and wave mixing processes. HCFs can be directly integrated into fibre systems, making them a convenient technology for the expansion of quantum networks. This thesis reports on three projects themed around scalable technologies for quantum networks. The first project involved the injection-locking of a diode laser. Nanosecond long pulses had their 20 GHz frequency chirps reduced to near the Fourier-transform limit, enabling them to interact efficiently with rubidium vapour. This project demonstrated that the mature, cost effective, and scalable technology of diode lasers can be compatible with essential atomic ensemble quantum networking devices such as quantum memories and quantum frequency converters. In the second project, a high-bandwidth quantum memory protocol called off-resonant cascaded absorption (ORCA) was investigated. The ORCA memory can be used to synchronise high speed photonic operations that occur in optical quantum information processing. This project used a Kagom´e HCF to enhance the light-atom interactions, resulting in two orders of magnitude reduction in optical power requirements. The third project again used the HCF platform, this time to facilitate a quantum frequency conversion scheme that converts rubidium-compatible, near-IR wavelengths to the telecommunications C-band, which is ideal for long distance fibre transmission. This project demonstrated the FWM process has reduced optical pump powers and higher efficiency in the HCF when compared to a rubidium-filled cell. The research described in this thesis presents a strong argument for the use of HCFs as a scalable technology that could be implemented in quantum networks.
The performance of quantum key distribution (QKD) is heavily dependent on the physical properties of the channel over which it is executed. Propagation losses and perturbations in the encoded photons' degrees of freedom, such as polarisation or phase, limit both the QKD range and key rate. The maintenance of phase coherence over optical fibres has lately received considerable attention as it enables QKD over long distances, e.g., through phase-based protocols like Twin-Field (TF) QKD. While optical single mode fibres (SMFs) are the current standard type of fibre, recent hollow core fibres (HCFs) could become a superior alternative in the future. Whereas the co-existence of quantum and classical signals in HCF has already been demonstrated, the phase noise resilience required for phase-based QKD protocols is yet to be established. This work explores the behaviour of HCF with respect to phase noise for the purpose of TF-QKD-like protocols. To achieve this, two experiments are performed. The first, is a set of concurrent measurements on 2 km of HCF and SMF in a double asymmetric Mach-Zehnder interferometer configuration. The second, uses a TF-QKD interferometer consisting of HCF and SMF channels. These initial results indicate that HCF is suitable for use in TF-QKD and other phase-based QKD protocols.