Quantum information processing is more complex than classical counterpart because of the No-Cloning theorem, decoherence, and issues detecting quantum states. Building a quantum computer without error detection and correction module is challenging. To overcome this challenge, qubit error correction codes are implemented. Inadequate error detection and correction codes have been the downfall of earlier attempts to encode quantum information, leading to disrupted qubit transmission. Qubit information is decohered by circuit noise. Unfortunately, the principal qubit error, phase flip error is not corrected by existing qubit error correction methods. In this study, we proposed Quantum Error Detection and Correction scheme (QEDC) to keep qubit in a coherent state. Used S gates, unitary gates, 10 CNOT gates, and Hadamard gates spanning on 4 physical and 1 logical qubits over the IBM Quantum Experience Machine. We found that the error probability is reduced to 7.91% owing to the efficiency of the quantum information encoding and phase flip control. Furthermore, we proposed Error Corrected Quantum Convolution Neural Network (EQCNN) for Image Classification. EQCNN combat and correct qubit errors that occur during the image processing. EQCNN outperformed over Earth Observatory (EO) dataset, EuroSAT and achieved an impressive results of 99.3% accuracy, 98.9% F1-score, 96.73% precision, and 98.4% recall.
Quantum information processing is more complex than classical counterpart because of the No-Cloning theorem, decoherence, and issues detecting quantum states. Building a quantum computer without error detection and correction module is challenging. To overcome this challenge, qubit error correction codes are implemented. Inadequate error detection and correction codes have been the downfall of earlier attempts to encode quantum information, leading to disrupted qubit transmission. Qubit information is decohered by circuit noise. Unfortunately, the principal qubit error, phase flip error is not corrected by existing qubit error correction methods. In this study, we proposed Quantum Error Detection and Correction scheme (QEDC) to keep qubit in a coherent state. Used S gates, unitary gates, 10 CNOT gates, and Hadamard gates spanning on 4 physical and 1 logical qubits over the IBM Quantum Experience Machine. We found that the error probability is reduced to 7.91% owing to the efficiency of the quantum information encoding and phase flip control. Furthermore, we proposed Error Corrected Quantum Convolution Neural Network (EQCNN) for Image Classification. EQCNN combat and correct qubit errors that occur during the image processing. EQCNN outperformed over Earth Observatory (EO) dataset, EuroSAT and achieved an impressive results of 99.3% accuracy, 98.9% F1-score, 96.73% precision, and 98.4% recall.
This article aims to investigate how circuit-based hybrid quantum convolutional neural networks (QCNNs) can be successfully employed as image classifiers in the context of remote sensing. The hybrid QCNNs enrich the classical architecture of convolutional neural networks by introducing a quantum layer within a standard neural network. The novel QCNN proposed in this work is applied to the land-use and land-cover classification, chosen as an Earth observation (EO) use case, and tested on the EuroSAT dataset used as the reference benchmark. The results of the multiclass classification prove the effectiveness of the presented approach by demonstrating that the QCNN performances are higher than the classical counterparts. Moreover, investigation of various quantum circuits shows that the ones exploiting quantum entanglement achieve the best classification scores. This study underlines the potentialities of applying quantum computing to an EO case study and provides the theoretical and experimental background for future investigations.
Image classification plays a vital role in large-scale data analysis, especially in object recognition tasks using advanced Deep Learning (DL) frameworks. However, the growing complexity and computational demands of modern DL models have introduced challenges related to scalability and efficiency. Quantum Computing (QC) has emerged as a promising alternative, capable of addressing these limitations by leveraging the principles of Quantum Machine Learning (QML). However, many existing QML models require a large number of qubits, which poses limitations within the current Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) era. This work introduces a novel Adaptive Quantum Convolutional Neural Network (AQCNN) designed for efficient and scalable image classification within the constraints of NISQ devices. Addressing the limitations of existing QML approaches, particularly the high qubit requirements, AQCNN incorporates a resource-efficient quantum convolutional layer that performs localized quantum filtering using parameterized quantum circuits. A classical preprocessing layer encodes input features to reduce qubit load, followed by quantum embedding and hybrid quantum-classical layers that optimize feature extraction and classification performance. The model leverages an adaptive quantum convolution strategy, minimizing quantum gate depth and circuit complexity while preserving critical spatial hierarchies in image data. Evaluated on benchmark datasets, AQCNN achieved 95.88% accuracy on MNIST and 95.68% on FMNIST, outperforming comparable QML architectures. Additionally, the model supports scalable execution through parallel quantum circuit arrays, enabling practical deployment on current quantum hardware. This architecture demonstrates a significant advance in quantum-assisted image classification, balancing performance with qubit and gate efficiency. The integration of adaptive quantum convolution and hybrid processing not only enhances classification accuracy but also provides a viable path forward for deploying QML solutions under realistic hardware constraints.
Remote sensing image classification is a fundamental task for Earth observation and environmental monitoring. However, conventional convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are limited by computational capacity and struggle to efficiently process the rapidly growing volume of remote sensing data. To address this limitation, we propose HAQCCN (Hybrid Asymmetric Quantum–Classical Convolutional Network), a novel hybrid architecture that integrates quantum computation into the classical convolutional framework through asymmetric quantum convolutional circuits. In HAQCCN, the asymmetric quantum circuits enable a limited number of qubits to process more classical data while maintaining excellent feature extraction capability. Experiments conducted on the IBM Qiskit platform using the Overhead-MNIST, PatternNet, and RSI-CB256 datasets demonstrate that HAQCCN outperforms conventional CNNs and existing quantum models. Furthermore, we systematically investigate the effects of encoding schemes, the number of quantum convolutional kernels, and the number of qubits on model performance, confirming the effectiveness and scalability of the proposed method for remote sensing image classification.
Recent advancements in quantum machine learning have spurred the development of hybrid quantum-classical convolutional neural networks (HQCCNNs), which have demonstrated promising potential for image classification tasks. Building on the operational principles of classical transposed convolutional neural networks (CNNs), we introduce a novel quantum variant: the Quantum Pseudo-Transposed Convolutional Neural Network (QPTCNN). The QPTCNN adapts the concept of classical transposed CNNs to the quantum domain, leveraging a hybrid quantum-classical framework that combines a quantum convolutional layer with a classical fully connected layer. In the QPTCNN, the quantum convolutional layer emulates a transposed convolution operation, ensuring that the output feature map retains the same dimensions as the input image. This is accomplished using rotational angle encoding and a ring-structured quantum circuit, interconnected by two-qubit control gates such as CNOT and CRY gates, facilitating efficient quantum convolution. We evaluated the performance of the QPTCNN on the MNIST and Fashion-MNIST datasets, with two distinct versions of the model: Model A, which utilizes a CNOT-gate entanglement circuit, and Model B, which employs a CRY-gate entanglement circuit. The results demonstrate that both Model A and Model B achieve strong performance across the datasets. However, Model A outperforms Model B, achieving higher classification accuracy and lower loss compared to earlier models. These findings suggest that the QPTCNN is highly capable of learning and extracting relevant feature information from input images, making it well-suited for high-performance image classification tasks. This work represents a significant advancement in quantum-enhanced image classification.
Micro-expression recognition has emerged as a critical area of study in affective computing, with significant applications in psychological analysis, security, and human-computer interaction. However, traditional methods often struggle to accurately capture and interpret subtle, rapid, and gender-specific facial micro-expressions due to challenges such as noise, limited datasets, and variations in expression intensity. This paper introduces an innovative approach, the Error-Corrected Quantum Convolutional Neural Network (EQCNN), to address these challenges and enhance the recognition of gender-based micro-expressions. The proposed EQCNN leverages the principles of quantum computing, incorporating error detection and correction mechanisms within its architecture. By employing quantum unitary gates, Hadamard gates, and CNOT gates, the model ensures data integrity and mitigates the effects of quantum decoherence. Additionally, the framework utilizes a 3π/2 phase shift and logical qubits to correct errors dynamically, optimizing the representation of micro-expression features. To validate the effectiveness of EQCNN, the model was evaluated on a gender-annotated micro-expression dataset. The results demonstrate outstanding performance, achieving an accuracy of 99.3%, an F1-score of 98.9%, a precision of 96.7%, and a recall of 98.4%. Comparative analyses show that EQCNN significantly outperforms classical and quantum-enhanced models, particularly in capturing subtle gender-specific nuances in facial expressions. The findings of this study not only advance the field of micro-expression recognition but also underline the potential of quantum computing in real-world applications requiring high precision and robustness. The proposed EQCNN framework is generalizable and can be extended to other domains involving complex image classification tasks, offering a powerful tool for tackling challenges in quantum-enhanced machine learning.
As an emerging research direction in quantum computing, quantum convolutional neural networks provide a promising way to combine quantum feature processing with traditional machine learning algorithms; however, their development is constrained by the scarcity of quantum resources. In this work, we propose a quantum-classical hybrid convolutional neural network model based on quantum convolution kernels. This model employs a multi-data-per-qubit rotation-angle encoding scheme to embed multiple data points into a small number of qubits, aiming to reduce quantum resource consumption and enhance feature extraction for image classification tasks. Its compact structure is designed to extract multidimensional features with fewer qubits and reduced measurement overhead, thereby improving the utilization of limited quantum resources under the considered setting. To evaluate our method, we conducted several experiments to compare our model with existing approaches and to assess performance under varying numbers of qubits, different CNOT gate configurations, and diverse encoding schemes. Experimental results show that the proposed model achieves competitive performance and slightly higher average accuracy than the traditional convolution structure and three existing quantum convolution schemes under a Qiskit Aer noisy simulation environment. This investigation provides a compact design for the structural optimization and low-resource implementation of quantum convolutional neural networks, offering a potential scheme for quantum-assisted image feature extraction.