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Physical Review Research

Nonequilibrium quantum battery based on quantum measurements

Jianying Du, Yanjiang Guo, Baowen Li

Published Feb 12, 2025• 13 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We propose and analyze the charging and discharging processes of measurement-assisted quant um batteries, exploring how different measurement schemes affect their performance. It is found that applying projective measurements with a general basis and optimizing the measurement parameters can enhance the battery's performance, including increases in both charging energy and ergotropy. Compared to local measurement schemes, the quantum battery exhibits significantly improved performance under nonlocal measurement schemes. However, this performance improvement comes at the cost of higher resource expenditure in nonlocal schemes. Additionally, the quantum battery can function as a quantum energy source, driving the qubit-resonator system to facilitate energy pumping. Our findings provide deeper insights into the fundamental properties of quantum batteries driven by quantum measurements, offering a pathway toward the design of more efficient and controllable quantum battery systems.

DOI
10.1103/physrevresearch.7.013151

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We propose and analyze the charging and discharging processes of measurement-assisted quant um batteries, exploring how different measurement schemes affect their performance. It is found that applying projective measurements with a general basis and optimizing the measurement parameters can enhance the battery's performance, including increases in both charging energy and ergotropy. Compared to local measurement schemes, the quantum battery exhibits significantly improved performance under nonlocal measurement schemes. However, this performance improvement comes at the cost of higher resource expenditure in nonlocal schemes. Additionally, the quantum battery can function as a quantum energy source, driving the qubit-resonator system to facilitate energy pumping. Our findings provide deeper insights into the fundamental properties of quantum batteries driven by quantum measurements, offering a pathway toward the design of more efficient and controllable quantum battery systems.
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We propose a quantum charging scheme fueled by measurements on ancillary qubits serving as disposable chargers. A stream of identical qubits are sequentially coupled to a quantum battery of N+1N+1N+1 levels and measured by projective operations after joint unitary evolutions of optimized intervals. If charger qubits are prepared in excited state and measured on ground state, then their excitations (energy) can be near perfectly transferred to battery by iteratively updating the optimized measurement intervals. Starting from its ground state, the battery could be constantly charged to an even higher energy level. Starting from a thermal state, the battery could also achieve a near-unit ratio of ergotropy and energy through less than NNN measurements, when a population inversion is realized by measurements. If charger qubits are prepared in ground state and measured on excited state, useful work extracted by measurements alone could transform the battery from a thermal state to a high-ergotropy state before the success probability vanishes. Our operations in charging are more efficient than those without measurements and do not invoke the initial coherence in both battery and chargers. Particularly, our finding features quantum measurement in shaping nonequilibrium systems.
Quantum batteries (QBs), acting as energy storage devices, have potential applications in future quantum science and technology. However, the QBs inevitably losses energy due to their interaction with environment. How to enhance the performance of the QBs in the open-system case remains an important challenge. Here we propose a scheme to realize the driven-dissipative QBs in atom-waveguide-QED systems and demonstrate significant improvements in both the stored energy and extractable work (ergotropy) of the QBs via feedback control. For a single-atom QB, we show that combining the measurement and coherent feedback controls enables nearly perfect stable charging under the weak coherent driving. For the QB array, the measurement-based feedback allows us to control different dynamical phases in the thermodynamic limit: (i) a continuous boundary time-crystal phase, where persistent periodic energy charge-discharge oscillations emerge despite the presence of the dissipation into the waveguide, and (ii) two stationary phases -- one reaches full charge while the other maintains only small energy storage. This work broadens the scope of driven-dissipative QBs and provides practical strategies for enhancing their performance.
Abstract A quantum battery (QB) model composed of two atoms is studied, where the charger and battery elements are coupled to a multimode vacuum field that serves as the mediator for energy transfer. Different figures of merit such as ergotropy, charging time, and charging efficiency are analyzed, putting emphasis on the role of various control parameters on the charging performance. It is found that there is a range of angle between the transition dipole moments and interatomic axis in which the QB can be charged, and the optimal performance is achieved when the dipole moments are parallel to the interatomic axis. The charging performance also improves with the decrease of the interatomic distance. Besides, the ergotropy charged on the QB can be enhanced by enhancing the initial charger ergotropy and it is beneficial to charge the QB starting from its ground state.
We discuss how to enhance the charging performance of quantum battery via two entangled auxiliary qubits. The results demonstrate that the quantum battery achieves optimal charging performance when the two auxiliary qubits are in the initial state of maximum entanglement. On this basis, we further discuss the impacts of dissipation and driving strength of the classical field on the charging performance of the quantum battery. It is shown that the quantum battery exhibits higher energy when the dissipation is low. Weak driving strength plays a regulatory role in the energy storage of the quantum battery. Additionally, we compare the performance differences of the quantum battery when the two entangled auxiliary qubits are in different initial states. Our research findings reveal the advantages of entangled auxiliary qubits in enhancing the charging performance of the quantum battery.
Abstract The performance of quantum technologies that use entanglement and coherence as a resource is highly limited by the effects of decoherence due to their interaction with some environment. In particular, it is important to take into account situations where such devices unavoidably interact with surrounding. Here, we study memory effects on energy and ergotropy of quantum batteries in the framework of open system dynamics, where the battery and charger are individually allowed to access a bosonic environment. Our investigation shows that the battery can be fully charged as well as its energy can be preserved for long times in non-Markovian dynamics compared with Markovian dynamics. Moreover, the non-Markovianity increase makes it possible to extract the total stored energy as work and the discharge time becomes longer. Our results indicate that memory effects can play a significant role in improving the performance of quantum batteries.