Abstract This paper investigates the optimization properties of hybrid quantum-classical quanvolutional neural networks (QuanvNNs), i.e., hybrid architectures merging quanvolutional layers with classical dense layers. We explore several optimization strategies by assessing 9 optimizers across various configurations of layers and kernel size. Through rigorous experimentation, it was found that optimizers such as Adabelief, RMSProp, and Adam outperform others, showcasing high accuracy scores. Conversely, Fromage, SM3, and Adagrad exhibit notably lower performance, highlighting the difficulty of effectively navigating the loss landscape. These findings emphasize the critical role of optimizer selection in a gradient-based variational optimization strategy. Additionally, quanvolutional layer parameters exhibit minimal fluctuations during the training phase, while classical parameters undergo variations on an order of magnitude higher. This disparity suggests a distinct behavior in the optimization dynamics between quantum and classical components, potentially influencing the efficacy of each layer type and offering valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms governing quanvolutional filters. We also evaluate QuanvNN robustness through comparisons against classical CNNs in scenarios involving few-shot learning and input perturbations. Our experimental findings underscore not only enhanced convergence capabilities of QuanvNNs, but also emphasize their superior efficacy in handling severely perturbed inputs. Finally, a randomized QuanvNN variant is tested, yielding comparable performance to optimized models as suggested by previous experiments on parameters variation. All these findings underscore the potential of QuanvNNs in offering robustness and optimization potential compared to their classical counterparts, with implications for quantum-enhanced machine learning.
Abstract This paper investigates the optimization properties of hybrid quantum-classical quanvolutional neural networks (QuanvNNs), i.e., hybrid architectures merging quanvolutional layers with classical dense layers. We explore several optimization strategies by assessing 9 optimizers across various configurations of layers and kernel size. Through rigorous experimentation, it was found that optimizers such as Adabelief, RMSProp, and Adam outperform others, showcasing high accuracy scores. Conversely, Fromage, SM3, and Adagrad exhibit notably lower performance, highlighting the difficulty of effectively navigating the loss landscape. These findings emphasize the critical role of optimizer selection in a gradient-based variational optimization strategy. Additionally, quanvolutional layer parameters exhibit minimal fluctuations during the training phase, while classical parameters undergo variations on an order of magnitude higher. This disparity suggests a distinct behavior in the optimization dynamics between quantum and classical components, potentially influencing the efficacy of each layer type and offering valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms governing quanvolutional filters. We also evaluate QuanvNN robustness through comparisons against classical CNNs in scenarios involving few-shot learning and input perturbations. Our experimental findings underscore not only enhanced convergence capabilities of QuanvNNs, but also emphasize their superior efficacy in handling severely perturbed inputs. Finally, a randomized QuanvNN variant is tested, yielding comparable performance to optimized models as suggested by previous experiments on parameters variation. All these findings underscore the potential of QuanvNNs in offering robustness and optimization potential compared to their classical counterparts, with implications for quantum-enhanced machine learning.
The integration of quantum computing principles with classical deep learning architectures has emerged as a promising direction for advancing image recognition systems beyond the limitations of purely classical convolutional neural networks (CNNs). This study proposes and analyzes a hybrid quantum–classical deep learning framework based on quanvolutional neural network (QNN) principles, where quantum circuits are embedded within convolutional feature extraction layers to enhance representation capability. The research investigates how quantum-enhanced filters, particularly quanvolutional layers, contribute to improved feature diversity, non-linear transformation capacity, and classification accuracy in image recognition tasks. Building upon established convolutional architectures and quantum machine learning theories, the proposed framework integrates quantum random circuit encoding with classical deep neural networks to evaluate performance gains in comparison to conventional CNN models. The study further incorporates theoretical insights from hybrid quantum-classical learning systems, emphasizing the role of parameterized quantum circuits in feature mapping and optimization stability. The methodology is grounded in NISQ-era quantum computing constraints and leverages hybrid optimization strategies to ensure computational feasibility. Experimental evaluation demonstrates that quanvolution-based models can provide improved robustness in feature extraction, particularly in high-dimensional image spaces, while maintaining competitive computational efficiency. However, scalability limitations and noise sensitivity in quantum circuits remain key challenges. Overall, this work contributes to the growing field of quantum-enhanced machine learning by providing a structured performance analysis of hybrid quanvolutional architectures and highlighting their potential role in next-generation intelligent visual recognition systems.
Quantum Machine Learning (QML) has recently emerged as a highly promising research frontier. Within this domain, Quantum Neural Networks (QNNs),characterized by Variational Quantum Circuits (VQCs) at their core and featuring layers of quantum gates optimized by classical algorithms, have garnered significant attention. However, a rigorous and exhaustive evaluation of their practical performance remains largely incomplete. In this study, we conduct a comprehensive comparative analysis of three prominent hybrid classical-quantum architectures: Quantum Convolutional Neural Networks (QCNN), Quantum Recurrent Neural Networks (QRNN), and Quantum Vision Transformers (QViT), focusing on the critical dimensions of generalization, accuracy, and robustness. Our findings provide novel insights that address previous evaluative gaps. Notably, while these models exhibit exceptional performance on low-feature datasets such as MNIST, their learning efficacy degrades significantly when transitioned to high-feature datasets. Furthermore, convolutional-based models like QCNN appear less effective on high-dimensional data than other machine learning architectures. Additionally, while all models are susceptible to adversarial noise, traditional architectures, such as recurrent and convolutional networks, demonstrate superior resilience. Conversely, in the presence of quantum noise, the transformer-based architecture proves its strength by maintaining high robustness against measurement noise, channel noise, and finite-shot effects, whereas other architectures suffer marked performance declines. These results provide a granular perspective on the current state of the field and underscore the critical importance of tailoring model selection to the constraints of contemporary Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) environments.
In recent years, the field of machine learning has witnessed a paradigm shift with the emergence of hybrid quantum-classical neural networks. These networks combine the power of classical neural networks with the computational advantages offered by quantum variational circuits. This study presents a comprehensive survey of hybrid quantum-classical machine learning algorithms, focusing on their architecture, performance, and hyperparameter optimization techniques. Introducing the concept of hybrid quantum-classical machine learning and its significance in contemporary image classification tasks. It explores the theoretical foundations of quantum variational circuits and their integration with classical neural network architectures. Special attention is given to prominent algorithms such as Quantum Convolutional Neural Networks, Quanvolutional Neural Networks, and Quantum ResNet, each offering unique advantages in image classification tasks. A major aspect covered in this study is the hyperparameter optimization techniques employed in hybrid quantum-classical machine learning. The chapter discusses quantum-inspired optimization methods tailored for efficiently tuning the hyperparameters of complex neural network models. Through comparative analysis, the effectiveness of these optimization techniques is demonstrated in reducing computational overhead and improving model performance. Moreover, the study also delves into experimental results obtained from benchmarking hybrid quantum-classical models against traditional classical approaches. It highlights the accuracy variations observed across different quantum architectures and explores the impact of architectural permutations on model convergence. Insights gained from these experiments provide valuable guidance for researchers and practitioners seeking to leverage hybrid quantum-classical neural networks in real-world applications.
The integration of quantum computing principles with classical deep learning architectures has emerged as a promising direction for advancing image recognition systems beyond the limitations of purely classical convolutional neural networks (CNNs). This study proposes and analyzes a hybrid quantum–classical deep learning framework based on quanvolutional neural network (QNN) principles, where quantum circuits are embedded within convolutional feature extraction layers to enhance representation capability. The research investigates how quantum-enhanced filters, particularly quanvolutional layers, contribute to improved feature diversity, non-linear transformation capacity, and classification accuracy in image recognition tasks. Building upon established convolutional architectures and quantum machine learning theories, the proposed framework integrates quantum random circuit encoding with classical deep neural networks to evaluate performance gains in comparison to conventional CNN models. The study further incorporates theoretical insights from hybrid quantum-classical learning systems, emphasizing the role of parameterized quantum circuits in feature mapping and optimization stability. The methodology is grounded in NISQ-era quantum computing constraints and leverages hybrid optimization strategies to ensure computational feasibility. Experimental evaluation demonstrates that quanvolution-based models can provide improved robustness in feature extraction, particularly in high-dimensional image spaces, while maintaining competitive computational efficiency. However, scalability limitations and noise sensitivity in quantum circuits remain key challenges. Overall, this work contributes to the growing field of quantum-enhanced machine learning by providing a structured performance analysis of hybrid quanvolutional architectures and highlighting their potential role in next-generation intelligent visual recognition systems.
This work focuses on the design and evaluation of Hybrid Quantum Neural Networks (HQNNs) that integrate the computational advantages of quantum circuits with the learning flexibility of classical deep neural networks to enhance machine learning performance in the Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) era.The study investigates two prominent HQNN architectures, namely Quantum Convolutional Neural Networks (QCNNs) and Quanvolutional Neural Networks (QuanNNs), with an emphasis on their robustness under realistic quantum noise conditions.It was evaluated using image classification tasks.Under various quantum noise channels, including Bit Flip, Phase Flip, Phase Damping, Amplitude Damping, and Depolarizing Noise, were introduced to reflect realistic hardware conditions.To reduce noise-induced performance loss, error mitigation techniques such as Zero-Noise Extrapolation, Probabilistic Error Cancellation, and Measurement Error Mitigation were applied.In addition, an AI-assisted adaptive framework is proposed to automatically recommend suitable mitigation strategies based on observed noise behavior and circuit characteristics.Experimental results indicate that QuanNN exhibits strong robustness under lowto-moderate noise levels and maintains stable performance even under high bit-flip noise, while QCNN demonstrates occasional performance gains under specific noisy configurations but degrades more rapidly as noise intensity increases.The proposed AI-guided mitigation mechanism further enhances model stability across varying noise regimes.This study provides practical insights into architecture selection, noise resilience, and intelligent error mitigation integration, offering a scalable framework for deploying HQNNs in real-world NISQ-era quantum machine learning applications.
Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are extensively employed for tasks such as image processing, employing a hierarchical feature extraction approach facilitated by convolutional layers. A recent trend explores quantum counterparts called Quanvolutional layers, utilizing random quantum circuits akin to convolutional filter layers. Our work advances this by introducing structured entanglement in quanvolutional layers using Basic and Strongly Entangled Layers. Unlike random circuit approaches, these layers have defined structures and high entanglement, requiring minimal error correction. We evaluated their performance on MNIST dataset, comparing various techniques like traditional CNNs, Quanvolutional Neural Networks (QNNs) with Random quantum circuits, basic entangled layers, strongly entangled layers. Structured entanglement shows promise in improving feature extraction for QNNs, providing insights into their understanding. Our work explores the use of structures quantum layers in constructing quantum-classical hybrid architectures and evaluates their performance. Future research may explore scalability and applicability in complex datasets and integration with other quantum computing techniques for enhanced performance and versatility.