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IAF Space Communications and Navigation Symposium

Building Europe's First Space-Based QKD System – the German Aerospace Center's Role in the EAGLE-1 Project

Gabriela Calistro Rivera, Oliver Heirich, Amita Shrestha, Agnes Ferenczi, Alexandru Duliu, Jakob Eppinger, Bruno Femenía Castellá, Christian Fuchs, Elisa Garbagnati, Douglas J. Laidlaw, Pia Lützen, Innocenzo De Marco, Florian Moll, Johannes Prell, Jorge Rosano Nonay, Christian Roubal, Joana Torres, Matthias Wagner

Published Jan 1, 2024• 2 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.52202/078363-0094

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The EAGLE-1 mission aims to deliver Europe’s first autonomous space based quantum key distribution (QKD) system launching the EAGLE-1 satellite in 2026. A key element of this demonstration mission is the development and space qualification of a QKD transmitter, essential for enabling secure quantum communications. This paper presents the subsystem-level design, component qualification, system calibration, and functional testing of the QKD transmitter developed by the Institute of Communications and Navigation (KN) of the German Aerospace Center (DLR). The QKD transmitter is responsible for converting quantum key information into an optical signal for transmission to ground. The quantum key and QKD protocol is based on a quantum random number generator (QRNG) and the key bits are encoded in single photons. The transmitter hardware consists of various electrical and optical components, including modulators, attenuators, amplifiers, and passive elements. We discuss component selection criteria, as well as vibration and shock testing to verify launch resilience and thermal vacuum testing to assess operational stability under space conditions. One of the key challenges is the time and bias drift of critical components, which occurs after system boot-up and varies with temperature and time. These drifts directly affect the timing, amplitude, and phase of the optical signal, impacting overall QKD performance. We present the design of the calibration methodologies which ensure autonomous calibration of the transmitter in orbit, which provides the system stability required to adhere to the QKD protocol requirements. Finally, we describe the laboratory tests assessing quantum bit error rates (QBER).
Secure communication networks are the critical infrastructure of the information age. To ensure secure communication between governmental institutions and other high-security environments, the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) initiated an ambitious project { the QuNET initiative. In a joint effort, the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light (MPL), the German Aerospace Center (DLR) and the Fraunhofer Society aim to develop the technological basis of a German quantum key distribution (QKD) infrastructure. This paper describes the infrastructure used in a first link demonstrator within this project and how we achieved the transition from initial quantum transceiver concepts to first link experiments.