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International journal of high school research

Discussions About Some Assumptions on Quantum Gravity-induced Entanglement of Masses

Jin Tan

Published May 31, 2024• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Finding quantum characteristics in gravity has interested physicists for many decades.While there has been significant progress on the theoretical side, the experimental side still needs to yield sufficient evidence to prove the quantum nature of gravity.Therefore, the Bose et al.-Marletto-Vedral (BMV) experiment is proposed to resolve this problem.This paper analyzes two variations from the experiment that introduce the following changes: 1) linear increase in distance between masses and 2) significant time length for splitting and recombining.These variables affect the wave function by influencing the phases picked up during evolution and thus produce effects on the quantum witness.Nonetheless, despite these impacts, the entanglement between masses is reduced but not destroyed.At the end of this paper, the meaning of witnessing entanglement in the BMV experiment is discussed.Although proving the non-classicality of gravity does not guarantee the quantum nature of gravity, the experiment is sufficient to rule out classical gravity in the research of the nature of gravity.

DOI
10.36838/v6i5.13

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Finding quantum characteristics in gravity has interested physicists for many decades.While there has been significant progress on the theoretical side, the experimental side still needs to yield sufficient evidence to prove the quantum nature of gravity.Therefore, the Bose et al.-Marletto-Vedral (BMV) experiment is proposed to resolve this problem.This paper analyzes two variations from the experiment that introduce the following changes: 1) linear increase in distance between masses and 2) significant time length for splitting and recombining.These variables affect the wave function by influencing the phases picked up during evolution and thus produce effects on the quantum witness.Nonetheless, despite these impacts, the entanglement between masses is reduced but not destroyed.At the end of this paper, the meaning of witnessing entanglement in the BMV experiment is discussed.Although proving the non-classicality of gravity does not guarantee the quantum nature of gravity, the experiment is sufficient to rule out classical gravity in the research of the nature of gravity.
We revisit the Bose-Marletto-Vedral (BMV) tabletop experimental proposal---which aims to witness quantum gravity using gravity-mediated entanglement---analyzing the role of locality in the experiment. We first carry out a fully quantum modeling of the interaction of matter and gravity and then show in what way gravity-mediated entanglement in the BMV experiment could be accounted for without appealing to quantum degrees of freedom of the gravitational field. We discuss what assumptions are needed in order to interpret the current BMV experiment proposals as a proof of quantum gravity, and also identify the modifications that a BMV-like experiment could have in order to serve as proof of quantum gravity without having to assume the existence of local mediators in the gravitational field.
Two of us recently proposed an entanglement-based witness of non-classicality, which can be applied to testing quantum effects in gravity in what is known as the Bose-Marletto-Vedral (BMV) effect. The witness is based on this idea: if a system can create entanglement between two quantum probes by local means only, then it must be non-classical. In this note we discuss the role of locality as an assumption for the theorem supporting the witness; we also discuss other related notions of locality and comment on their mutual relations.
Christodoulou and Rovelli (CR) [1] have argued that a Bose et al.-Marletto-Vedral (BMV) experiment that confirmed the quantum nature of gravity would give laboratory evidence for a quantum superposition of spacetime geometries created in the course of the experiment. Hanif et al. [2] have argued that mass interferometers can be used to test whether gravity acts as a quantum entity when measured. We note that not all quantum models of gravity imply that mass superpositions necessarily become significantly entangled with any degrees of freedom of the gravitational field during the experiments discussed.
The Bose-Marletto-Vedral (BMV) experiment [S. Bose et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 119, 240401 (2017); C. Marletto and V. Vedral, Phys. Rev. Lett. 119, 240402 (2017)] aims to demonstrate that spacetime is non-classical by observing entanglement generated by the gravitational field. However, local hidden variable theories can simulate any entangled correlations in any experiment -- such as the BMV proposal -- that does not involve measurements in spacelike separated wings. Here we propose to amplify the entanglement generated by the BMV experiment to distant quantum particles in a Bell experiment involving wings at spacelike separation. A violation of a Bell inequality in our proposed experiment would rule out local hidden variable explanations, providing a stronger proof of the non-classicality of spacetime than the original BMV proposal.
The Bose et al.-Marletto-Vedral (BMV) experiment [S. Bose et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 119, 240401 (2017); C. Marletto and V. Vedral, Phys. Rev. Lett. 119, 240402 (2017)] aims to prove that spacetime is nonclassical by observing entanglement generated by gravity. However, local hidden variable theories (LHVTs) can simulate the entangled correlations. We propose to extend the entanglement generated by the BMV experiment to distant quantum particles in a Bell experiment. Violating a Bell inequality would rule out LHVTs, providing a stronger proof of the nonclassicality of spacetime than the BMV proposal.
Reconciling quantum mechanics and general relativity remains one of the most profound challenges in modern physics. The BMV (Bose-Marletto-Vedral) experiment can assess the quantum nature of gravity by testing whether gravitational interactions can generate entanglement between quantum systems. In this work, we show that entanglement can be generated by gravity without requiring spacetime superpositions or quantum spacetime degrees of freedom by using mediators that do not satisfy the usual property of local tomography when coupling to quantum matter. Specifically, we showcase how entanglement can be generated using three distinct toy models that display non-locally tomographic couplings between quantum matter and a locally classical gravitational mediator. These models include (i) fermionic systems with the parity superselection rule, (ii) non-Abelian anyonic systems, and (iii) a novel bit anti-bit model. Our results demonstrate a crucial point: a gravitational mediator which does not exhibit superpositions of its classical basis but still qualifies as non-classical via non-locally tomographic coupling mechanisms can generate entanglement through local interactions. This work also underscores the importance of relaxing local tomography in exploring the quantum-gravitational interface. It provides a novel perspective on the role of spacetime degrees of freedom in entanglement generation through local interactions.