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International Symposium on Antennas, Propagation and EM Theory (ISAPE)

Multilayered Resonator Enhanced Rydberg Atomic Receiver for HF Band Sensing

Weipeng Wan, Yi Lin, Ruiqi Mao, Kai Yang, Zhenke Ding, Yunqi Fu

Published Oct 23, 2024• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We demonstrated a new scheme of Rydberg atomic receiver tailored for high frequency (HF) band sensing with a deep-subwavelength resonator. The proposed multilayered split-ring resonator (MSRR) is constructed in a five-layered printed circuit board, providing significantly enhanced electric filed to greatly boost the sensitivity of the atomic receiver. In the measurement, we characterize the relationship between the AC-stark shift and input power. Furthermore, the sensitivity of the whole system is presented by utilizing off-resonant Rydberg atomic heterodyne technique. With the MSRR, the sensitivity can reach 4.3$\mu \mathrm{V}/\text{cm}\sqrt{\mathrm{H}\mathrm{z}}$, whereas it is only 240.8$[\mu\mathrm{V}/\text{cm}\sqrt{\mathrm{H}\mathrm{z}}$without the MSRR. The measured results affirm the substantial sensitivity enhancement achieved by MSRR.

DOI
10.1109/isape62431.2024.10841243

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We demonstrated a new scheme of Rydberg atomic receiver tailored for high frequency (HF) band sensing with a deep-subwavelength resonator. The proposed multilayered split-ring resonator (MSRR) is constructed in a five-layered printed circuit board, providing significantly enhanced electric filed to greatly boost the sensitivity of the atomic receiver. In the measurement, we characterize the relationship between the AC-stark shift and input power. Furthermore, the sensitivity of the whole system is presented by utilizing off-resonant Rydberg atomic heterodyne technique. With the MSRR, the sensitivity can reach 4.3μV/cmHz\mu \mathrm{V}/\text{cm}\sqrt{\mathrm{H}\mathrm{z}}μV/cmHz​, whereas it is only 240.8[μV/cmHz[\mu\mathrm{V}/\text{cm}\sqrt{\mathrm{H}\mathrm{z}}[μV/cmHz​without the MSRR. The measured results affirm the substantial sensitivity enhancement achieved by MSRR.
In this article, we propose a new paradigm of room-temperature Rydberg atomic receiver for high frequency (HF) band sensing with high sensitivity. The proposed Rydberg atomic HF band receiver is implemented via a multilayered split-ring resonator (MSRR) and an atomic vapor cell. The MSRR is constructed by a five-layered printed circuit board within a deep-subwavelength size, providing a strongly enhanced electric field of the incident radio-frequency (RF) field. Using a quantum-optical readout of AC level shifts of field-sensitive atomic Rydberg states, the enhanced intra-cavity RF field significantly improves the sensitivity of the atomic receiver. In the measurement, we characterize the AC-stark shift in the frequency and power spectrum of the incident RF field. Furthermore, the sensitivity of the whole system is presented by utilizing the off-resonant Rydberg atomic heterodyne technique. In the absence of the MSRR, the sensitivity for an RF signal at 20.51 MHz was found to be 27.46 μV/cm √Hz. However, with the presence of our MSRR, the sensitivity significantly improved to 29.09 nV/cm √Hz, indicating a remarkable enhancement capacity of 944 times or 60 dB. This research holds great potential for high-sensitivity Rydberg atomic sensing, particularly in the HF band.
High-sensitivity amplitude and frequency detection of microwave electric fields is of significant importance in various fields, including communications, microwave quantum technology, aerospace, medicine, and meteorology. Rydberg atom-based sensors promise traceable standards and high sensitivity for detecting weak electric fields and enhancing sensing sensitivity, mainly by using superheterodyne technology and resonant structures. Detecting high-frequency (HF) band fields with high sensitivity using Rydberg atom sensors is a significant challenge due to the requirement of exciting atoms to extremely high energy states for resonant detection. We demonstrate the off-resonant Rydberg atomic superheterodyne architecture with additional resonators for greatly enhancing the sensing sensitivity to HF band fields. In this approach, we propose a miniaturized square spiral resonator with an electrical size of$0.011~\lambda $at 15.54 MHz. To reduce the electric-field-screening effect of the adsorption of alkali metal atoms, we use a monocrystalline sapphire cesium (Cs) vapor cell. By utilizing the off-resonant alternating current (ac) Stark effect, the initial sensitivity of the Rydberg atom sensor without the resonator is measured to be10.39 μV/cmHz10.39~\mu \text {V/cm}\sqrt {\text {Hz}}10.39 μV/cmHz​at room temperature. With the addition of the miniaturized square spiral resonator, the sensitivity significantly improved to2.60 nV/cmHz2.60~\text {nV/cm}\sqrt {\text {Hz}}2.60 nV/cmHz​, which has been inaccessible so far with atomic sensors. Here, we provide an enhancement of 72 dB, which is three orders of magnitude improvement in sensitivity than when the resonator is not used. This enhancement resonator extends Rydberg atomic high-sensitivity sensing to the HF band and shows great potential, especially in shortwave radio reception.
In this article, we propose a tunable multilayered resonator (TMR) to achieve broadband high-sensitivity sensing within a deep-subwavelength structure. The proposed TMR significantly enhances the incident electric field for Rydberg atoms, improving the sensitivity of the room-temperature atomic sensor. Additionally, by incorporating varactor diodes, the resonant frequency of the TMR can be dynamically controlled by adjusting the diode bias voltage. In the experiment, the TMR realized a 45.26% relative bandwidth, ranging from 13.19 MHz to 19.16 MHz. Furthermore, the sensitivity of the system reached 0.13 µV/cm/Hz in the presence of the TMR at 19.16 MHz, compared to only 24.59 µV/cm/Hz without the TMR.
The Rydberg atomic heterodyne technique and resonant structures represent two prominent approaches that can notably enhance the sensing sensitivity of Rydberg atomic receivers in the atomic and microwave domains, respectively. However, current implementations exhibit low levels of integration, particularly in the VHF band. This article introduces local oscillator (LO) port-integrated resonators (LOIRs) to synergize these methods, aiming to improve sensitivity and system integration in Rydberg atom-based receivers. Through an analysis of the electric field distribution in the split-ring resonator (SRR), we developed two types of LOIRs: the standing wave type LOIR (SIR) and the traveling wave type LOIR (TIR). Experimental investigations were conducted at 264 MHz using a vapor cell containing cesium atoms in the resonators. Spectral measurements indicate that the SIR and TIR provide enhancement factors of 45.8 and 45.3 dB, respectively. When employing the SIR and TIR for Rydberg atomic heterodyning, sensitivity significantly improved to 104.34 and 105.54 (nV/cm)/Hz\sqrt {\text {Hz}}Hz​, respectively. Furthermore, in comparison to the SRR setup in the atomic heterodyne scenario, the LO power consumption decreased to 22.4% and 3.7% with the SIR and TIR, respectively. This research represents a significant advancement toward the practical application of Rydberg atomic receivers.
Highly sensitive detection of VHF band fields poses a challenge for Rydberg atomic sensing since resonant detection requires exciting atoms to extremely high energy states. We demonstrate a PCB-based electrically tunable resonator (PETR) for enhancing the sensing sensitivity of the Rydberg atomic sensor to VHF band fields. In this approach, the sub-wavelength PETR is made of PCB, which offers improved mechanical strength and miniaturization. During the measurements, a parallel-plate waveguide is utilized as the radio frequency (RF) fields launcher to eliminate unintentional scattering from the surroundings. By adjusting the bias voltage applied to the tuning varactor of the PETR, we can continuously tune the resonant frequencies from 187 MHz to 293.6 MHz, corresponding to a relative bandwidth of 44%. There is a fluctuation in the enhancement factor of the PETR, ranging from 17.6 to 60.1, which is primarily caused by misalignment between the laser beam and the resonant area. Furthermore, employing the off-resonant Rydberg atomic heterodyne technique, we investigated the sensitivity of the system. In the absence of the PETR, the sensitivity for a RF signal at 250.5 MHz was found to be 24.36 μV/cm√Hz. However, with the presence of our PETR, the sensitivity significantly improved to 433.26 nV/cm√Hz, indicating a remarkable enhancement capacity of 56.23 times or 35 dB. This enhancement resonator holds great potential for improving Rydberg atomic sensing, particularly in the VHF band.
Rydberg atomic receivers (RARs) have emerged in the field of quantum precision measurement due to high sensitivity and self-calibration. In this letter, we demonstrate a compact tunable enhancement resonator (CTER) for enhancing the detective sensitivity of the RAR. The resonator consists of two printed circuit board (PCB) substrates and a copper tuning column, which achieves resonant frequency variation by continuously sliding the copper tuning column. During the measurement, we have achieved electric field enhancement in the 210 MHz to 308.6 MHz band with a relative bandwidth of 38%\%%and the enhancement factor ranging from 38 dB to 47 dB. By adjusting the height of the CTER, different sizes of atomic vapor cells can be accommodated while maintaining good enhancement. In theoff-resonant region, the detective sensitivity of the RAR with and without CTER at 223.7 MHz were measured at 179.37 nV⋅cm−1\cdot {\text{cm}}^{-1}⋅cm−1$ \cdot {\text{Hz}}^{-1/2}and40.16and 40.16and40.16\muVVV\cdotcm−1\text{cm}^{-1}cm−1 \cdot {\text{Hz}}^{-1/2}byutilizingtheRydbergatomicheterodynetechnique,respectively.Furthermore,theCTERdisplaysacompactelectricalsize,approximately3.37×10by utilizing the Rydberg atomic heterodyne technique, respectively. Furthermore, the CTER displays a compact electrical size, approximately 3.37× 10byutilizingtheRydbergatomicheterodynetechnique,respectively.Furthermore,theCTERdisplaysacompactelectricalsize,approximately3.37×10^{-5}$λ3\lambda ^{3}λ3in comparison to other resonators, which facilitates the miniaturization and integration of the RAR. Its remarkable resonance characteristics and broadband tuning capability provide support for achieving high-sensitivity and broadband quantum microwave measurements.