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Physical Review A

Continuous-variable measurement-device-independent multipartite quantum communication via a fast-fading channel

Runbo Zhao, Jian Zhou, Ronghua Shi, Jinjing Shi, Guangqiang He

Published Jan 13, 2025• 10 citations
Publisher

Abstract

This study investigates the implementation of measurement-device-independent multiparty quantum communication using continuous-variable Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (CV GHZ) states under the fast fading channel. The communication parties are connected through free space, and factors such as atmospheric turbulence cause beam drift, resulting in variations in channel transmittance according to specific probability distributions. We assume a worst-case scenario in which an eavesdropper has complete control over the channel, forcing the communicators to estimate the channel based on this probability distribution. The protocol employs CV GHZ states to achieve secure communication through quantum cryptographic conference and quantum secret sharing. For the aspect of security, independent entangling cloner attack and coherent attack are analyzed. Simulation results demonstrate that the protocol can withstand advantageous attacks from eavesdroppers.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.111.012613

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This study investigates the implementation of measurement-device-independent multiparty quantum communication using continuous-variable Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (CV GHZ) states under the fast fading channel. The communication parties are connected through free space, and factors such as atmospheric turbulence cause beam drift, resulting in variations in channel transmittance according to specific probability distributions. We assume a worst-case scenario in which an eavesdropper has complete control over the channel, forcing the communicators to estimate the channel based on this probability distribution. The protocol employs CV GHZ states to achieve secure communication through quantum cryptographic conference and quantum secret sharing. For the aspect of security, independent entangling cloner attack and coherent attack are analyzed. Simulation results demonstrate that the protocol can withstand advantageous attacks from eavesdroppers.
A continuous-variable measurement-device-independent multiparty quantum communication protocol is investigated in this paper. Utilizing the distributed continuous-variable Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger state, this protocol can implement both quantum cryptographic conference and quantum secret sharing. We analyze the security of the protocol against both the entangling cloner attack and the coherent attack. The entangling cloner attack is a practical individual attack, and the coherent attack is the optimal attack Eve can implement. Simulation results show that the coherent attack can greatly reduce the secret key rate. Different kinds of entangled attacks are compared and we finally discuss the optimal coherent attacks.
Abstract This study examines the implementation of continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD) using thermal states via fast fading channel. In such channel, communication occurs in free space under adverse conditions such as atmospheric turbulence, causing the channel transmittance to vary according to a specific mathematical probability. In worst-case scenarios, an eavesdropper could fully control the channel, leaving communicators to make pessimistic assumptions about channel conditions. The security of this system is analyzed and evaluated using homodyne and heterodyne detection methods under reverse reconciliation. The results indicate that even with full eavesdropper control, employing noise sources in CV-QKD ensures high key rates and protocol security. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that the introduction of preparation noise in heterodyne detection is more effective than homodyne detection under fast fading channel conditions.
We investigate the performance of several continuous-variable quantum key distribution protocols in the presence of uniform fading channels. These are lossy channels whose transmissivity changes according to a uniform probability distribution. We assume the worst-case scenario where an eavesdropper induces a fast-fading process, where she chooses the instantaneous transmissivity while the remote parties may only detect the mean statistical effect. We analyze coherent-state protocols in various configurations, including the one-way switching protocol in reverse reconciliation, the measurement-device-independent protocol in the symmetric configuration, and its extension to a three-party network. We show that, regardless of the advantage given to the eavesdropper (control of the fading), these protocols can still achieve high rates under realistic attacks, within reasonable values for the variance of the probability distribution associated with the fading process.
Quantum conference (QC) is a cryptographic task in secure communications that involves more than two users wishing to establish identical secret keys among N users. The Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger (GHZ) entangled state is the basic resource for quantum cryptographic communication due to the existence of multipartite quantum correlations. An unconditional and efficient quantum network can be established with a continuous variable (CV) GHZ entangled state because of its deterministic entanglement. Here, we report an implementation of QC scheme using a CV multipartite GHZ entangled state. The submodes of a quadripartite GHZ entangled state are distributed to four spatially separated users. The proposed QC scheme is proved to be secure even when the entanglement is distributed through lossy quantum channels and the collective Gaussian attacks are in the all lossy channels. The presented QC scheme has the capability to be directly extended to a larger scale quantum network by using entangled states with more submodes.
A continuous-variable measurement-device-independent (CV-MDI) multipartite quantum communication protocol is designed to realize multipartite communication based on the GHZ state analysis using Gaussian coherent states. It can remove detector side attack as the multi-mode measurement is blindly done in a suitable Black Box. The entanglement-based CV-MDI multipartite communication scheme and the equivalent prepare-and-measurement scheme are proposed to analyze the security and guide experiment, respectively. The general eavesdropping and coherent attack are considered for the security analysis. Subsequently, all the attacks are ascribed to coherent attack against imperfect links. The asymptotic key rate of the asymmetric configuration is also derived with the numeric simulations illustrating the performance of the proposed protocol.
Abstract The developing tendency of continuous-variable (CV) measurement-device-independent (MDI) quantum cryptography is to cope with the practical issue of implementing scalable quantum networks. Up to now, most theoretical and experimental researches on CV-MDI QKD are focused on two-party protocols. However, we suggest a CV-MDI multipartite quantum secret sharing (QSS) protocol use the EPR states coupled with optical amplifiers. More remarkable, QSS is the real application in multipartite CV-MDI QKD, in other words, is the concrete implementation method of multipartite CV-MDI QKD. It can implement a practical quantum network scheme, under which the legal participants create the secret correlations by using EPR states connecting to an untrusted relay via insecure links and applying the multi-entangled Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger (GHZ) state analysis at relay station. Even if there is a possibility that the relay may be completely tampered, the legal participants are still able to extract a secret key from network communication. The numerical simulation indicates that the quantum network communication can be achieved in an asymmetric scenario, fulfilling the demands of a practical quantum network. Additionally, we illustrate that the use of optical amplifiers can compensate the partial inherent imperfections of detectors and increase the transmission distance of the CV-MDI quantum system .