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IEEE International Conference on Quantum Computing and Engineering (QCE)

The QUANT-NET Testbed Development and Preliminary Results

Damian Schon, Prathwiraj Umesh, You-Wei Cheah, Se-young Yu, Ezra Kissel, Raju Valivarthi, Erhan Sağlamyürek, Lavanya Ramakrishnan, Wenji Wu, Alp Sipahigil, M. Spiropulu, Hartmut Häffner, Inder Monga

Published Sep 15, 2024• 8 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) is currently supporting Berkeley Lab (LBNL), UC Berkeley (UCB), Caltech, and the University of Innsbruck in constructing a testbed for quantum networking technologies (QUANT-NET). The goal is to establish this network between two sites, LBNL and UCB, connected with an entanglement swapping substrate over ~5 km optical fiber and managed by a quantum network protocol stack. On top of this entanglement swapping substrate the research team will implement the most basic building blocks of distributed quantum computing and quantum repeaters by teleporting a controlled-NOT gate between two far trapped-ion quantum computation nodes. This paper presents QUANT-NET, its design, key technologies, and preliminary results. The preliminary results are focused on the QUANT-NET testbed infrastructure control, measurement, and characterization, which includes the implementation of a Hong-Ou-Mandel (HOM) interferometer across the fiber links, and the development and deployment of link polarization drift control in the testbed. These implementations are critical to our next stage research activities.

DOI
10.1109/qce60285.2024.00209

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The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) is currently supporting Berkeley Lab (LBNL), UC Berkeley (UCB), Caltech, and the University of Innsbruck in constructing a testbed for quantum networking technologies (QUANT-NET). The goal is to establish this network between two sites, LBNL and UCB, connected with an entanglement swapping substrate over ~5 km optical fiber and managed by a quantum network protocol stack. On top of this entanglement swapping substrate the research team will implement the most basic building blocks of distributed quantum computing and quantum repeaters by teleporting a controlled-NOT gate between two far trapped-ion quantum computation nodes. This paper presents QUANT-NET, its design, key technologies, and preliminary results. The preliminary results are focused on the QUANT-NET testbed infrastructure control, measurement, and characterization, which includes the implementation of a Hong-Ou-Mandel (HOM) interferometer across the fiber links, and the development and deployment of link polarization drift control in the testbed. These implementations are critical to our next stage research activities.
QUANT-NET is a three-node quantum network research testbed funded by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). The goal is to establish this network between two sites, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab (LBNL) and University of California, Berkeley, connected with an entanglement swapping substrate over optical fiber and managed by a quantum network protocol stack. On top of this entanglement swapping substrate the research team will implement the most basic building blocks of distributed quantum computing and quantum repeater by teleporting a controlled-NOT gate between two far trapped-ion quantum computation nodes. This paper presents QUANT-NET, its design, key technologies, and progress.
Quantum network control is a major research area of the QUANT-NET project. We strive to build a quantum network control plane to orchestrate and manage all the physicallayer technologies, and to explore what a quantum network control plane should look like in the future, so as to automate high-rate and high-fidelity entanglement generation, distribution, and storage in an efficient, reliable, and cost-effective way. To these ends, we have designed a two-level control framework for quantum networks. Within such a framework, a two-level scheduler has been implemented to support synchronous time slot scheduling, network-wide non-real-time control, and nodewide real-time control. This two-level control framework and the scheduler are being deployed and evaluated in the QUANTNET testbed. Enabled by this two-level control framework and the scheduler, several basic quantum network operations have been automated in the testbed, which include automated quantum node calibration and on-demand single photon generation. In this paper, we present this two-level control framework, the scheduler, and the automated quantum network operations that have been enabled in the QUANT-NET testbed.
Enabling secure communication, unparalleled computing capabilities, and fundamental nonlocality physics exploration, the development of quantum repeaters is the key quantum information processing technology advance needed for implementing real world quantum networks beyond the laboratory environment. Currently, components exist for intra-laboratory quantum networks but no system exists for connecting distant ( 1 km ) quantum memories in the real world. We present a physics analysis of quantum repeater network designs for intracity optical fiber connections between nodes based on atomic memories and linear optics. Long distances will necessitate the use of (1) two-photon Hong-Ou-Mandel style interference between atomic ensembles for entanglement swapping, and (2) photonic qubit wavelength conversion between atomic emissions and photons at telecommunication wavelengths in fiber. We report on our experimental progress towards implementing A Quantum Network with Atoms and Photons (QNET-AP), a quantum repeater network test-bed, between the US Army Research Laboratory (ARL) and the Joint Quantum Institute (JQI) of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the University of Maryland (UMD).
The realization of quantum networks requires the development of devices and methods unprecedented in conventional networks, and yet they critically depend on the latter for implementing foundational blocks and essential operations. We describe a testbed to support the development and testing of their functionality and performance by providing quantum and conventional data planes and devices, together with a secure conventional control plane. It incorporates a variety of entangled photon sources, qubit technologies, detector technologies, photonic components, and supporting conventional switches and workstations. It implements a novel fiber telescoping scheme that provides suites of connections using fiber spools and inground-aerial fiber loops. We briefly summarize a variety of experiments conducted over this testbed including: (i) flex-grid quantum connection experiments, (ii) quantum state and channel tomography, (iii) utilization of quantum key distribution keys to secure conventional encryption and firewall devices, (iv) comparative study of analytical capacity estimates and entanglement throughput, (v) deployed squeezing coexisting with conventional communications, and (iv) measurement of polarization time variation.
Building a Quantum Internet requires the development of innovative quantum-enabling networking architectures that integrate advanced communication systems with long-distance quantum communication hardware. Here, we present the implementation of a quantum-enabled internet prototype using a novel physics-centric stack-based quantum network paradigm to govern the dynamics of multiple light-matter Hamiltonians across distant nodes. We demonstrate this concept using a deployed large-scale intercity quantum network connecting laboratories at Stony Brook University and the Brookhaven National Laboratory. This network facilitates a fundamental long-distance quantum network service -that of high-visibility Hong-Ou-Mandel interference of telecom quantum states generated in two independent, telecom-compatible quantum light-matter interfaces separated by a distance of 158 km.
Secure communication is essential for modern society, from financial transactions to critical infrastructure. As classical encryption faces threats from advancing computational power, quantum communication provides a fundamentally secure alternative based on physical laws. We present QuaNTUM (Quantum Network at the Technical University of Munich), a modular and extensible quantum communication testbed enabling scalable experiments across fiber-based campus networks and satellite-ground links. The terrestrial network connects research institutions in Garching near Munich via single-mode fibers in a star topology with polarization-maintaining components, multiplexers, and time-synchronized analysis modules. Active polarization control and real-time feedback support stable qubit transmission for high-fidelity quantum key distribution and entanglement distribution. A key feature is the integration of deterministic solid-state single-photon sources, including defects in hexagonal boron nitride and excited erbium atoms, with initial deployments on small satellites to bridge terrestrial and free-space channels. As an open-access platform, QuaNTUM enables protocol development, device benchmarking, and hybrid network research, providing a foundation for scalable quantum communication and future global quantum networks.