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Physics and Astronomy Reports

Investigation of Transitions to the Atomic Ground State in Fourier Transform Spectra of Holmium

S. Kröger, Gönül Başar, İpek Kanat Öztürk, Seda Kın Barka, Laurentius Windholz, R. Ferber

Published Dec 30, 2024• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate in more detail some previously published atomic holmium energy levels, which were previously only published with very imprecise values for the level energy 𝐸 and without total angular momentum quantum number 𝐽. By analysing Fourier Transform (FT) spectra in the 317 nm-1750 nm wavelength range using hyperfine structure as a diagnostic tool, we sought to enhance the precision of energy measurements and determine the unknown 𝐽 values. All levels investigated were initially identified through their transitions to the ground state. We have investigated this transition and, if possible, other additional spectral lines that were classified as transitions to the investigated levels. A total of 13 lines from the FT spectra were analysed leading to results for six energy levels. For these six levels a more precise determination of the energy values could be achieved. With the investigation of the hyperfine structure knowledge on their previously unknown 𝐽 values could be achieved. Furthermore, hyperfine structure constants of the investigated energy levels were determined for the first time.

DOI
10.26650/par.2024.00009

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The aim of this study was to investigate in more detail some previously published atomic holmium energy levels, which were previously only published with very imprecise values for the level energy 𝐸 and without total angular momentum quantum number 𝐽. By analysing Fourier Transform (FT) spectra in the 317 nm-1750 nm wavelength range using hyperfine structure as a diagnostic tool, we sought to enhance the precision of energy measurements and determine the unknown 𝐽 values. All levels investigated were initially identified through their transitions to the ground state. We have investigated this transition and, if possible, other additional spectral lines that were classified as transitions to the investigated levels. A total of 13 lines from the FT spectra were analysed leading to results for six energy levels. For these six levels a more precise determination of the energy values could be achieved. With the investigation of the hyperfine structure knowledge on their previously unknown 𝐽 values could be achieved. Furthermore, hyperfine structure constants of the investigated energy levels were determined for the first time.
We have measured and analyzed the hyperfine structure of two lines, one at 583 nm and one at 401 nm, of the only stable fermionic isotope of atomic erbium as well as determined its isotope shift relative to the four most-abundant bosonic isotopes. Our work focuses on the $J\ensuremath{\rightarrow}J+1$ laser cooling transitions from the [Xe]4f126s2(3H6)[\text{Xe}]4{f}^{12}6{s}^{2}{(}^{3}{H}_{6})[Xe]4f126s2(3H6​) ground state to two levels of the excited [Xe]4f126s6p[\text{Xe}]4{f}^{12}6s6p[Xe]4f126s6p configuration, which are of major interest for experiments on quantum degenerate dipolar Fermi gases. From a fit to the observed spectra of the strong optical transition at 401 nm we find that the magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole hyperfine constants for the excited state are ${A}_{e}/h=\ensuremath{-}100.1(3)\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\mathrm{MHz}$ and ${B}_{e}/h=\ensuremath{-}3079(30)\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\mathrm{MHz}$, respectively. The hyperfine spectrum of the narrow transition at 583 nm, was previously observed and accurate Ae{A}_{e}Ae​ and Be{B}_{e}Be​ coefficients are available. A simulated spectrum based on these coefficients agrees well with our measurements. We have also determined the hyperfine constants using relativistic configuration-interaction ab initio calculations. The agreement between the ab initio and fitted data for the ground state is better than 0.1%, while for the two excited states the agreement is 1% and 11% for the Ae{A}_{e}Ae​ and Be{B}_{e}Be​ constants, respectively.
We have investigated the hyperfine structure of the transition between the 5d{7}6s{2} {4}F{9/2}{e} ground state and the 5d{6}6s{2}6p {6}D{J}{o} excited state in the negative osmium ion by high-resolution collinear laser spectroscopy. This transition is unique because it is the only known electric-dipole transition in atomic anions and might be amenable to laser cooling. From the observed hyperfine structure in 187Os- and 189Os- the yet unknown total angular momentum of the bound excited state was found to be J=9/2. The hyperfine structure constants of the {4}F{9/2}{e} ground state and the {6}D{9/2}{o} excited state were determined experimentally and compared to multiconfiguration Dirac-Fock calculations. Using the knowledge of the ground and excited state angular momenta, the full energy level diagram of 192Os- in an external magnetic field was calculated, revealing possible laser cooling transitions.
We report Doppler-free spectroscopy of neutral europium carried out using the saturation absorption technique. In the present experiment, Eu/Ne hollow cathode discharge is used as an atomic vapor source of europium. The Eu transition 4f76s2(S87/2°)→4f76s6p(P89/2) at 601.815 nm and 4f75d6s(aD1013/2°)→4f75d6p(zD811/2) at 580.027 nm are investigated. The frequency separation between the adjacent hyperfine transitions as well as hyperfine structure (HFS) constants are calculated from the obtained experimental spectra. The HFS constant obtained for the state 4f76s6p(P89/2) are A151=664.8 MHz; B151=293.5 MHz, and for state 4f75d6p(zD811/2), the values are A151=7.6 MHz; B151=−60 MHz. These obtained values are in good agreement with the results reported in the literature using laser induced atomic beam fluorescence technique.
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We present the first measurements of the [Xe]4f75d16s6p$\;^{11}{F_J}$11FJ excited state hyperfine coefficients and isotope shifts of spin-forbidden transitions of atomic gadolinium (Gd) at 726 and 743 nm in a hollow cathode gas discharge. In addition, we performed a King Plot analysis to determine specific mass shift and field shift constants for these lines. Moreover, we observed King Plot nonlinearity for the 743 nm transition, which is an effect recently proposed to aid in searches for hypothetical new light bosons. Spectroscopic results obtained from this study will facilitate the development of more efficient isotope separation techniques, enable narrowband laser cooling of Gd for novel dipolar physics investigations, and foster technological advances in high precision atomic clocks and quantum enhanced metrology.